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Photpgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STRKST 

WEBSTIR.N.Y.  USSO 

(716)  873-4303 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


vV 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couieur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pelliculde 


D 

|Y^  Cover  title  missing/ 

L^    Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

□   Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couieur 

□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couieur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couieur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autras  documents 


rVTi    Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 


along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr^e  peut  CBiJser  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 

distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenevar  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  sa  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film6es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairas  suppl^mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lul  a  6X6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couieur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


J>\'    Pages  d6color6es,  tachet(§es  ou  piqu6es 

□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach6es 


I      I    Showthrough/ 


D 
D 


Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  in6gale  de  ^'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppltfmentaire 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Saule  Mition  disponlble 

Pages  whoMy  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmtes  A  nouveau  de  fbpon  d 
obtenir  la  mailloure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


1 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  Images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  apticlfications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^-(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
gAn6rosit6  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6x6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  fiimd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  filmds  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  !e  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  cjui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  ie 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  11  est  film6  d  partir 
de  I'angia  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


\    ^   ' 

t 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

■^...«.*^■T■1'i*^»  ■ 


-T) 


AN 


->■. 


ELEMENTAEY  GEOGRAPHY, 


ADAPTED    TO 


OLNEY^S  OUTLINE  MAPS, 


I    COMMON  SCHOOLS  AND  GENERAL  USE. 


BY  J.  QLNEY,  A.  M. 

Author  of  a  Gpograi)liy  and  AtiaH,  Ilielory  of  the  U   States,  &c.  &c. 


NEW  YORK: 

PUBLISHED  BY  PRATT,  WOODFORD  &  CO. 

1847. 


f'-f  #***«:; 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  CongrcsH,  in  the  yem  3847.  by 

PRATT,   WOODFORD   t   CO., 

in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


.Of* 


■;;i 


PREFACE. 


the  yeai  3847,  by 

o., 

rict  of  New  York. 


Printed  hjr 
\8E,  TIFFANY   t  CO., 

Hartford,  Conn. 


Among  the  various  branches  of  education,  calculated  to  in- 
terest the  young,  and  excite  a  thirst  for  knowledge,  no  one 
holds  a  more  conspicuous  place  than  Geography.  The  reason 
of  this  is  obvious.  It  treats  of  visible  and  familiar  objects,  and 
directs  the  attention  of  the  learner  to  a  subject  with  which  he 
has  been  led  naturally  and  inevitably  to  form  some  acquaintance. 
For  before  he  is  capable  of  understanding  much,  if  any  thing, 
of  many  other  branches  of  education,  he  has  gained  most  of  the 
elementary  ideas  of  this,  and  can  express  them  in  clear  and  de- 
finite language.  Near  the  very  spot  of  his  birth,  many,  and 
perhaps  all  the  varieties  of  land  and  water  daily  meet  his  in- 
quiring eyes.  The  plain  stretches  before  him,  the  hill  swells 
upward,  the  brooks,  streams  and  rivers  flow  onward,  and  in  the 
distant  horizon,  perchance,  the  mountains  mingle  with  the 
clouds,  and  tha  mighty  ocean  with  its  gulfs,  bays,  coves  and 
harbors,  may  not  be  far  removed.  And  daily  for  his  food,  per- 
haps he  uses  the  products  of  every  various  land  and  clime. 
Thus  do  geographical  facts  early  become  familiar  to  his  mind. 

The  interest  he  feels  in  this  study,  and  tha  success  that  has 
crowned  his  labors  in  this  department  of  learning,  stimulate 
him  to  engage  in  others  more  difficult  and  abstruse,  and  to  pur- 
sue them  with  zeal  and  assiduity  ;  and  thus  the  youth  is  led  on 
to  become  a  scholar  and  learned  man. 

In  preparing  the  following  work  and  the  accompanying  Out- 
line Maps,  I  have  aimed  to  simplify  this  branch  of  study  so  as 
to  adapt  it  to  the  humblest  and  most  youthful  capacity.  And  in 
the  definitions,  illustrations  and  arrangement  of  questions,  I 


«"■ 


1' 


4  PREFACE. 

have  endeavored  to  give  the  learner  a  clear  knowledge  of  each 
step  as  he  advances.  I  have  pursued  the  true  and  natura^ 
method,  and  commencing  with  him  at  h.s  home,  I  have  led  h.m 
on  from  the  scenes  which  wore  near,  and  with  which  he  was 
already  familiar,  to  those  adjoining  and  more  distant,  ever  pro- 
.oeding  from  the  known  to  t !  ,e  unknown. 

The  exercises  on  the  ->aps  have  been  prepared  with  great 
care  They  probably  will  be  found  more  full,  practical  and  sys- 
tematic  in  the  work  of  imparting  a  knowledge  of  physical  geog- 
raphy than  any  that  have  preceded  them.  The  questions  are 
cakula  ed  to  exercise  the  understanding  as  well  as  the  memory, 
he  most  important  object  in  all  education,  and  thus  convey  to 
the  learner  a  thorough  knowledge  as  he  advances,  of  every 

^Th"e  Outline  Maps,  it  is  believed,  will  meet  the  approval  of 
all  those  interested  in  the  instruction  of  the  young.    They  pre- 
sent  a  bold  and  clear  picture,  free  from  al    obscurity,  of  the 
various  portions  ol  the  globe,  and  contain  all  that  is  impor  ant 
for  the  learner  to   -now  in  physical  and  political  geography 
With  mos  of  the  maps  that  are  put  into  the  hands  of  the  young 
Her.  the  fault  is.  they  contain  too  much.    They  are  filled  up 
with  t^wns,  cities,  rivers,  islands,  &c.  to  such  an  exten  as  to 
Tonfuse  his  mind  and  discourage  his  endeavors  to  commit  them 
to  memory.     But  on  these  maps,  only  the  more  important  ob- 
ecuareputdown.andtheaccompanyingexercises  are  arranged 

fnlh  a  manner  as  to  lead  him  gradually  on,  and  thus  prevent 
nil  nernlexity,  as  well  as  all  weariness. 

In  Irrin  preparing  the  following  work.  I  have  aimed  to 
meet  thJwanU  of  parents  and  teachers  by  adapting  it  to  the 
Tpacltiesandrequirementsofthe  youthful  mind.  How  well 
I  have  succeeded,  I  leave  it  for  them  to  decide. 

SouTHiNGTON,  ^uguat,  1847. 


i*\if^^*v 


What 
Is  it  a 
1.  AT( 

divided  im 
city  is  a  la 

Is  the 

Are  th 

8.  Whe 

height,  it  i 
Mountain. 

Did  yo 
Is  ther 

3.  A  brc 
All  brooka 
lAoM  placf 
the  river, 
streams. — ; 
most  eltnral 
run  in  this 
lowest  t 

Are  thi 

Does  ai 

4.  A  Pot 
I  large  body  i 
I  out  of  it.  , 
I  age,  aixl  n 

How  m 

How  m 

How  mi 

How  mi 

Are  all 


*t- 


knowledge  of  each 
te  true  and  natural 
ome,  I  have  led  him 
with  which  he  was 
re  distant,  ever  pro- 
prepared  with  great 
11,  practical  and  sys- 
ige  of  physical  geog- 
The  questions  are 
well  as  the  memory, 
,  and  thus  convey  to 

advances,  of  every 

meet  the  approval  of 
e  young.    They  pre- 
all  obscurity,  of  the 
all  that  is  important 
political  geography 
le  hands  of  the  young 
1.    They  are  filled  up 
3  such  an  extent  as  to 
avors  to  commit  them 
,e  more  important  ob- 
exercises  are  arranged 
<f  on,  and  thus  prevent 

rork,  I  have  aimed  to 
by  adapting  it  to  the 
iful  mind.  How  well 
lecide. 


INTRODUCTORY  LESSON. 


What  is  the  name  of  this  place'?  '  \  i<' 

Is  it  a  town, — or  a  village,— or  a  city  t  *'       ''  "r' 

1.  A  Town  is  a  rwttion  of  land,  usually  from  2  to  6  miles  square      It  is 

divided  into  ferms,  roads.  &c.     A  village  is  a  small  collec  lion  of  houses.     A 

city  IS  a  lanje  coUection  of  houses  wliere  a  great  number  of  people  Uve. 
Is  the  land  level, — or  uneven  in  this  town  ? 
Are  there  any  hills  1    Any  mountains  ? 
8.  When  the  land  is  level,  it  U  called  a  Plain.    When  it  rises  to  a  small 

height.  It  is  caUed  a  HiU.    When,  it  rises  to  a  great  height,  it  is  called  a 

Mountain. 

Did  you  ever  see  a  mountain  ■? 
Is  there  any  large  brook— or  river  in  this  town  ^ 
3.  A  brook  is  a  small  stream  of  water— a  river  is  a  large  stream  of  water 
All  brooks  and  rivers  run  domi  towards  the  sea  or  ocean.  Consequently' 
those  places  on  a  river  that  are  farthest  from  the  Sea,  must  be  farth-  '■  up 
the  river.  Hence,  by  examining  a  map,— the  course  of  the  rivers  and 
streams.- youcan  easily  ascertain  which  part  of  the  country  is  MgKest,  or 
most  elevated ;  and  which  part  is  lovuu    In  what  direction  do  the  stream. 

I  lowe  "  1      '"'"'^^  '    '"''*"  "'''''''  ""''  "  "**  '""''  ^'^^  "n"*  "•>'"='>  W»y 
Are  there  any  ponds  in  this  town  1 
Does  any  thing  live  in  brooks,  rivers  and  ponds  ? 
*.  A  Pond  is  a  small  body  of  water  surrounded  by  land.    A  lake  is  a 
large  body  of  water  surrounded  by  land,  except  where  streams  run  into  or 

I  out  of  it.    A  swamp  is  low,  soft,  wet  ground,  unfit  for  cultivaUon  or  puttir- 

I  age,  and  lomeUmeB  covered  with  stagnant  water. 
How  many  kinda  of  Fruit  grow  in  this  town  .' 
How  many  kinds  of  Grain  are  raised  in  this  town.' 
How  many  kinds  of  Animals  in  this  town .' 
How  many  kinds  of  Trees  in  thi|  town .' 
Are  all  the  articles  of  our  food  produced  in  this  town  ? 


INTRODITCTORY    LE990NS. 


6 

5.  our  -ugar,  «"»«'<"'««-•-<"'' '«»;/"""'';;^;^,  ,«  uh  from  distanl,  or 
Jemon..  pine  apples,  Iw.  "''"*  *^„„,   „^,i  for  household  furniture,  ai 

Sornrr:^UT..r.tS.rs-'  —  - "'" 

•"wlirC'ns  lie  around  thi,.-or  border  upon  U  ? 
How  many  cities,  or  town,  can  you  mention . 
How  many  churches  in  this  town  ? 
How  many  public  schools  .'-Academies  ? 
What  is^he^nJincipal  occupation  of  the  people  of  this  town? 

"^:^:rtr;;^rrr:ity.besidethis. 

What  is  the  name  of  this  county  ? 

Can  you  tell  me  the  shire  or  •^''""'y  ^^^  ;^  ,„  ^^  ^ 

7.  The  Shire  or  County  To-  "^llVoXl  a'c^  rt"ou2  -  which  U» 

s^i."^r  .x^p"-"  -'^{— ^^^  T  ^°""" 

Cai.  you  mention  any  River  in  th.s  county  ? 
Does  any  part  of  this  county  border  on  the  ocean  ? 

water,  m  which  are  boaujbr  canym|  P-^/^^^JLt  L.  of  iron  <br  *. 
road  Is  a  level  road,  on  whicn  are  ibi" 
"Seeta  of  the  cars  or  carriages  to  run  on. 

Have  vou  ever  been  in  any  county  bes.de  ths  ? 
Sf  what  does  a  county  consist?__Of  «>veTal  towns. 

What  is  the  name  of  this  State?  -      .V    '<  • 

What  is  its  Capital  ?  legislature,  or 

«.  The  capita,  of  a  9,»^e  U  the  c^y  or  -- '-f.^CalSi    «« 

assembly  meets  to  make  the  laws,    oum 

%r:;°  part  of  this  State  border  on  the  sea  or  ocean  ? 

Save  you  ever  been  in  anyjtate  beside  th.s  ?• 

.  toll  mp  the  name  of  this  country  ?    v  s. 
m.ru ;b".";i.».«f.h.  united S,....-W~bi.|!»». 


In  w 

With 
Wha 


This  ti 

world.  01 

and  seeii 

posFihle,- 

see  the  p 

the  vario 

moiintaii 

women, 

they  hav 

But,  a 

reading, . 

of  its  for 

This« 

uneven  i 

It  is  not 

you,  but  I 

,<at  surfai 

circles  dr 

surface  a 

Now,  1 

it  consist 

other,  th< 

words,   V 

globe  or  t 

earth,  it  r 

of  one  ha 

other  ball 

the  whole 

Now,  li 

two  parts 

occupied 

and  land  i 

that  muci 

salt  watei 

Youwl 

than  towi 

the  lower 

covered,  i 

nent,"  bu 

whether  I 

Now,  ii 

questions 

following 


rs. 

r,  spice*— «u»  oranr*. 
to  UH  from  distant,  or 
hougchold  furniture,  a* 
t  coiinirieg,  an  you  win 

ipon  it  i 
don  ? 


opleofthUtown? 
lising  com,  rye,  potatoM, 
I  employed  in  maUng.  of 
knivea,  boota,  *c.  *e^ 
.Dgaged  in  trade,— in  pw- 

y,  beside  this? 


yn? 

r  the  county.  In  this,  the 
court  house  in  which  the 
lis  are  confined. 

nty? 

the  ocean  ? 
lis  county  ? 

n  the  earth,  and  flUed  wfth 
Irawn  by  horsei  A  B«fi- 
ned  flat  ban  of  iron  fi*  »• 

lide  this  ? 
iveral  towns. 


n,  in  which  the  legistatur^or 
ea  have  two  Capitate.    Has 

I  the  sea,  or  ocean  ? 
ide  this  ?• 

jntry?    v  s. 

ates  ?    Washington. 


INTRODDCTORT    LESSONS. 

In  which  grand  division  are  the  United  States .'    w.  a. 

With  what  is  North  America  connected  .'    s.  a. 

What  do  North  and  South  Amorica  constitute  .'  A  continent. 

REMARKS. 

This  town,  or  city — this  state,  this  continent — form  a  part  of  the  earth,  or 
world,  on  which  we  live.  Now,  you  are  all  fond  of  hearing  of  new  places, 
and  seeing  new  things.  And  most,  if  not  all  of  you,  would  like,  if  it  were 
possible. — to  visit  llie  various  parts  of  this  great  world  in  which  we  live, — 
see  the  people  of  Uie  difl'crcnt  countries, — their  cities,  tntvns  and  villages — 
the  various  kinds  of  animals — the  birds,  trees,  plants,  and  flowers,— tbo 
mountains,  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  kc.  tc.  fVir,  few,  very  few  are  the  men, 
women,  or  children,  who  feel  no  pleasure  in  the  thought  of  seeing  what 
they  have  never  seen  before. 

But,  although  you  cannot  travel  over  this  prent  world, — you  can,  by 
rradiiig,  and  liy  the  study  of  maps  and  bo.iks,  obtain  a  very  correct  knowledge 
of  its  fonn,  size — the  ditferciit  countries — and  the  various  productions. 

This  workl,  although  the  land  may  appear,  in  some  parts  level,  in  others, 
uneven  with  bills,  mountains  and  valleys, — is  round  like  a  ball  or  orange. 
It  is  not  round  and  flat  like  a  cent  or  penny. — or  like  the  flat  map  before 
you,  but  it  i«  round  in  all  directions.  It  is  impossible,  however,  to  make  a 
,/at  surAce  of  paper  look  like  a  round  tall.  The  map  of  the  worW,  with  ite 
cir  Jes  drawn  upon  it.  is  perhaps,  "s  true  a  picture  of  a  round  body  on  a  Bat 
surface  as  it  is  possible  to  make. 

Now,  when  you  look  on  "The  Map  of  the  World,"  you  will  notice  that 
it  consists  of  two  parts.  One  part  is  called  the  Eastern  Hemisphere. — the 
other,  the  Western  Hemisphere.  The  word.  Hemisphere,  is  formed  of  two 
words,  viz.  kemi  and  tpkere.  Hemi  means  half, — and  xpkere  means  a 
gloie  or  hall.  Consequently,  when  the  word,  hemispli/ere,  is  applied  to  the 
earth,  it  means  one  half  of  it.  Hence,  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  is  a  picture 
of  one  half  of  the  earth, — and  the  Western  Hemisphere,  a  picture  of  the 
other  half ;  and  consequently  both  hemispheres  form  a  picture,  or  map,  of 
the  whole  of  the  earth. 

Now,  if  you  examine  either  hemisphere — you  will  see  that  it  consists  of 
two  parts,  viz.  Land  and  Water.  And  you  will  notice  how  large  a  space  is 
occupied  by  water.  Whether  it  was  always  so,  we  do  not  know.  For  sea 
and  land  are  known  to  h-  ve  changed  places  in  many  parts  of  the  work! ;  so 
that  much  of  what  is  now  hard  dry  ground,  was  in  former  times,  covered  by 
nit  water. 

Tou  will  also,  notice  that  there  is  more  land  towards  the  top  of  the  map 
than  towards  the  bottom.  At  the  upper  part  it  is  mostly  land, — while  at 
the  tower  part,  it  appears  to  be  mostly  water.  Recently,  land  has  been  dis- 
covered, near  the  southern  part  of  the  globe,  called  "  The  Antarctic  Conti- 
nent," but  it  has  not  been  sutflciently  explored  to  estimate  its  size,  or  to  toll 
whether  It  is  inhabited  or  not 

'  Now,  in  order  to  qualify  you  to  study  the  maps,  and  answer  the  various 
questions  in  this  work,  it  will  be  necessary  for  you  to  couwiit  to  memory  the 
foltowing  If^/btttion*: 


g  INTRODUCTORT    LBBBOK*. 

Lemon  1. -GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITlOT^.' 

Q.  What  is  Geography  ? 

A.  A  description  of  the  Earth's  surface. 
Q.  What  do  we  mean  by  "  The  Ea.rth  .'•' 

A.  The  world,-or  globe.-or  ball,-we  live  on. 

Q,  Of  what  does  the  earth's  surface  consist? 

A.  Land  and  water. 

10.  About  one-third  of  the  earth-.  ...rftce  i.  -""f^-J*! '.^"^^^..^S^ 

ri^r^he  o?e:rvt;;fr.;r;^o.rerr^ 

^rU^  receive  different  name.,  a.  you  will  learn  hereafter. 

2.  NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  LAND. 

Q.  How  is  the  Land  divided! 

A.  Into  Continents,  Islands,  Peninsulas,  IsthmuseB, 

Capes,  Mountains,  Coasts  &c. 
Q.  What  is  a  Continent  ?  .      ,  a     «-:«. 

A.  It  is  a  vast  extent,  or  division  of  land-as  America. 
Q.  What  is  an  Island  ?  ,    ,    u         *... 

A.  It  is  a  portion  of  land,  surrounded  by  water- 
as  Australia. 
Q.  What  is  a  Peninsula! 

A.  A  portion  of  land  almost  surrounded  by  water- 
as  Africa. 

C.  What  is  an  Isthmus  ? 

A.  It  is  a  narrow  neck  which  connects  two  bodies 
of  land— as  the  Isthmus  of  Darien. 

Q.  What  is  a  Cape  1  ^ 

A    It  is  a  point  of  land  extending  into  a  large  body 
of  water-as  Cape  Horn,  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

1,    ,f  the  land  at  the  point,  i.  high  Or  rocky.  ^^^^^  ^^ 


Q.  w; 
A.  I 

Alps. 

14.   W\ 

apace  or 
Valley.  1 
high  elevi 
plains,  or  ; 
in  the  So 
America, 
in  the  wa 
during  th« 
a  Range, 

Q.  Wl 

A.  Il 

its  top, 
as  Mou! 

13.  The 
Many  of  tli 

Q.  Wh 

A.  Il 
the  coat 

14.  The 
High  Banic 
The  right  I 
posite  bant 

Q.   Wh 

A.  It 

of  sand, 

15.  A  fe 
It  is  mid  tl 
i.  Fezzan. 
and  fertility 
are  Mveral 
KDie  wand 
Tauricks. 
Asia,  by  tb 
the  United 
large  riven 
ofcuIUvatii 


^INITIO^' 
irface. 

II, — we  live  on. 

ist.' 


nd— the  remaining  two- 
iheRlotie,  ii  called  "The 
ler  a«  one  ma*,  different 
tieteafter. 


»F  LAND, 
insultis,  Isthmuses, 

land — as  America. 
)anded  by  water- 
rounded  by  water— 
onnects  two  bodies 

ng  into  a  large  body 
f  Good  Hope. 

J,  It  ii  sometime*  tenned  a 
1  an  acute  angle  or  «h««P 
.,  Lizard  Point. 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS.  0 

Q.  What  is  a  Mountain  1 

A.  It  is  a  high  elevation  of  land— as  the  Andes, 
Alps. 

ja.  Wlien  Uie  land  rise*  to  a  gmall  height,  it  ia  called  a  Hill.  The 
ipacc  or  deprewion  lietween  mountains,  or  between  hills,  is  called  a 
Valley.  When  the  land  is  level,  or  mostly  level,  it  is  called  a  Plain.  A 
high  elevation  of  level  land  is  called  a  Table  Land.  Those  extensive 
plains,  or  natural  meadows,  in  the  Western  States,  are  called  Prairies— 
in  the  Southern  Statcu.  Savannahs— in  Asia,  Steppes,  and  in  South 
America,  Llanos,  or  Pampas.  The  tops  of  the  highest  mountains,  even 
m  the  warmest  regions  of  the  earth,  are  covered  with  ice  and  snow 
during  the  whole  year.  Several  mountains  connected  together  are  caUed 
a  Range,  or  Che'n  of  Mountains— as  the  Andes,  Rocky  Mciintaina. 

Q.  What  is  a  Volcano'? 

A.  It  is  a  burning  mountain,  that  sends  forth  from 

its  top,  fire,  smoke,  and  melted  stones  called  Lava, 

as  Mount  Etna,  Vesuvius,  Hecla. 

13.  The  opening,  or  mouth,  from  which  these  issue,  is  called  the  crater. 
Many  of  the  mountains  in  America  near  the  equator  are  volcanoes. 

Q.  What  is  a  shore  or  coast .' 

A.  It  is  a  margin  of  land  bordering  on  water, — as 
the  coast  of  Brazil,  Massachusetts,  &c.  &c. 

14.  The  land,  however,  bordering  on  a  river,  is  usually  called  its  Banki. 
High  Banks  presenting  an  abrupt  form  towards  the  river,  are  called  Blufla. 
The  right  bank  is  that  on  the  right  side  as  you  descend  the  river.  The  od^ 
posite  bank  is  the  left. 

Q.  What  is  a  Desert .' 

A.  It  is  a  barren  tract  of  land,  usually  consisting 
of  sand, — as  the  Desert  of  Sahara. 

15.  A.  fertile  spot  in  a  desert  is  caUed  an  Oasis,  which  means  an  island 
It  u  said  there  are  32  Oases  in  the  Desert  of  Sahara,  the  largest  of  which 

"  f  */",?;  '"'*'"  ^''^  'P'''*"  "^  ^*^'  ■"•*  =">  ""^  fof  thei'  beauty 
and  fertUity,  and  afford  resUng  places  for  caravans  ai»l  iraveUers.  There 
are  several  tribes  of  barbarous  people  found  in  different  parts  of  the  desert- 
some  wandering  and  others  staUonary.  Of  the  latter,  are  the  Tibbooa  and 
Tauricte.  The  great  deserts  of  Africa  are  only  separated  trom  those  of 
Asia,  l)y  the  valley  of  the  Nile  and  the  Red  Sea.  In  the  western  part  nf 
the  United  States  is  "The  Great  American  Desert."  This  ia  traversed  by 
iMge  rivers  and  producei  some  trees  and  shrubs— but  has  a  soU  incaoaMa 
of  cultivation. 


^.iiJL^!- 


JQ  iNTttOnVCtOWr  LE8B0N8. 

3.  NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  WATER:' 
Q.  How  is  the  water  divided  ? 

A.  Into  Oceans,  Seas,  Archipelagos,  Gulfe.  Bays, 
Lakes,  Straits,  Rivers,  &c. 

Q.  What  is  an  Ocean  ?  Ail.ntip 

A    It  is  a  vast  body  of  salt  water,-a8  the  Atlantic 

AtlanUc,  the  Indian,  Arctic,  and  Southern  Ocean. 

by  land,— as  the  Mediterranean,  Red  Sea, 

CV  What  is  an  Achipelago  ?  ■  i„„j„ 

A  It  is  a  body  of  water  containing  many  islands,- 

Wands.  .    ' 

B   Wh^t  is  a  Gulf  or  Bay  ?         .      -    -:         -  *  - 
A    A  body  of  water  extending  into  the  land,-M 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Hudson's  Bay. 

T"  A  brge  lody  ol  fresh  water  surrounded  by  l«.d. 

"^„^t'estat^e■  no  ouUe.  a^  «en.ra«y  ^U,,  Jl^Tno'^Jh;^- 
.aUne  and  other  matter,  washed  '«»  f^^'J^^^^W     Such  lake.  «e 

net  for  if  ^ff'^'^^'^'l^^lZ  Be«u     8ma«  lake,  ue  clW 
called  S«M,— «i  the  Caaplan,  Arai,  umw, 

Fonda. 

o   What  is  a  Strait  ?  •    j-  . 

A    It  is  a  narrow  passage  which  connect,  two  bod.e. 

«f  water —as  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

Itland  Bound. 


WATER. 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


11 


gos,  Gulfs,  Bays, 


— as  the  Atlantic 

I  vast  body  of  »aH  water, 
hese  are  the  Pacific,  the 


mostly  surrounded 
ed  Sea, 

ng  many  islands, — 

to  gioupi  and  dutWit  of 

into  the  land, — «» 

>a  Haveiu  and  Harbora.    A 
uistana,  and  adjoining  Btalea 

surrounded  by  land, 


ly  salt.  The  reaion  ia,  the 
"inains,  as  there  is  no  chan- 
-aporation.  Such  lakea  are 
>a.     Small  lakea  ate  caUed 


1  connects  two  bodie*  | 

tar. 

,L    AchannelaoahaBowthatl 
g,  is  called  a  Sound,— ••  WW 


Q,  What  ia  a  River. 

A.  A  large  stream  of  wuter, — as  the  Mississippi. 

21.  The  place  where  a  river  rises  or  begins,  is  called  ito  Source  or  Head. 
The  place  where  it  empties,  ils  Mouth.  Small  streams  are  called  Brooks, 
Rivuleu,  Rills,  and  Creeks.  The  country  from  which  the  waters  of  a  river 
are  derived,  is  called  its  Basin,  or  Valley,— as  the  Valley  o'  the  Mississippi, 
the  Vallpy  of  the  Amazon.  The  space  occupied  by  the  deepest  water  of  a 
river,  is  called  its  Bed  or  ChanneL  The  widening  of  a  river  at  its  mouth, 
is  called  a  Frith  or  Estuary. 

Q.  What  is  a  Canal .' 

A.  A  ditch  dug  in  the  ground  and  filled  with  wa- 
ter, for  the  passage  of  boats, — as  the  Erie  Canal. 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  FOREGOING  LESSONS. 

Q.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  Cootinent  and  an  Ocean  ? 

A.  A  continent  is  a  vast  extent  of  land.  An  ocean  is  avast 
body  of  salt  water. 

Q.  What  is  the  difference  between  an  Island  and  a  Lake  ? 

A.  An  island  is  a  portion  of  land  surrounded  by  water.  A 
lake  is  a  large  body  of  water  surrounded  by  land. 

Q.  What  is  the  difference  between  a  Peninsula  and  a  Sea  ? 

A.  A  peninsula  is  portion  of  land  almost  surrounded  by  wa- 
ter.   A  sea  is  a  large  body  of  water  mostly  surrounded  by  lind. 

Q.  What  is  the  difference  between  an  Isthmus  and  a  Strait  ? 

A.  An  isthmus  is  a  narrow  neck  which  connects  two  bodies 
of  land.  A  strait  is  a  narrow  passage  which  connects  two  bo- 
dies of  water. 

Note. — An  isthmus  connecte  land  and  divides  water,  and  a  strait  con- 
nects water  and  divides  land.  Thus,  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  connects  North 
ond  South  America,  and  divides  the  Caribbean  Sea  from  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  Strait  of  Dover  connects  the  North  Sea  and  British  Channel,  and  di- 
vides France  from  England.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  in  many  instances, 
geographical  terms  have  been  improperly  applied  to  portions  of  land  and 
water.  Hindostan  is  called  a  peninsula,  also  Corea,  Florida,  Yucatan,  Mlc. 
But  strictly  speaking  these  are  not  peninsulas.  No  isthmus,  or  harrow  neck 
connecu  them  to  a  larger  portion  of  land.  The  body  of  water  East  of  Hin- 
dostan is  called  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  while  that  on  the  West  is  caHed  the  Sea 
of  Arabia.  If  one  is  a  sea,  or  bay,  so  is  the  other.  Numerous  other*  might 
be  mentioned.  These  names,  however,  it  shouM  be  remembered,  were  ap- 
plied by  the  fiiM  diacoverera,  or  inhabitants,  and  although  incorrectly,  they 


IXi 


ti 


la 


INTRODUCTORY   IEB80N8. 


have  ever  been  retained.    Hence,  in  ^^^^^JJ^^Zi^^nt 

4.  MAPS. 

Q.  What  is  a  Map .'  .         .    i        r  .i— 

A.  It  is  a  picture  of  a  part,  or  the  whole  of  the 
earth's  surface,  representing  the  form  of  contments, 
islands,  oceans,  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  &c. 

S3  The  uv  of  the  map  represenU  the  North ;  the  rvkt  *a»J,  Ea« .  tne 
*"'Ce' Kinn! Nth*"^st''^uth.  West, are  caBed  " CardimlPoinU. of 

How  are  the  boundarie.  of  rtates,  kingdom.  *•=•  /«PI«*"'^  ""*" 
no  natural  boundary  1    What  i.  a  natural  boundary  1 

5.    THE  EARTH. 
Q.  What  names  are  applied  to  the  Earth  ? 
A.  The  World,  the  Globe,  the  Sphere,  the  Ball  we 

live  on. 

Q   What  ii  the  axis  of  the  earth  ?  . 

A.  It  is  an  imaginary  line  passing  through  its  cen- 
tre from  North  to  South. 
Q.  What  are  the  poles  of  the  earth  ?  ■   ■ 

*  A.  The  ends  of  the  axi». 


iwifTfi'in'rii 


23.  TI 

Bouthern 
you  will  I 
yet  there 

a.  w 

A.  ] 
cumfei 
eter,  o 

34.  A 

sand  mile 
thousand 
wallc  one 
around  it 

Q.  W 
A.   1 

the  ear 
from  ei 

85.  Th 

pheres.  1 
the  North 
the  South 

Q.  W 

A.  1 
allel  to 

S6.  Th. 
one  south 
tor  to  tb3 
other  t 

Q.  W 

A.  'J 
degrees 

27.  Th( 
near  the  i 


I. 

ork  on  geogniphy,  >n 
nanUnd  have  given  to 
cally,  incorrect. 


le  whole  of  the 
D  of  continental 
.c. 

a  right luaid,lltM;  tbe 

led  "  Cardinal  Polnta  of 
I  or  chief  poinu. 
he  map,  are  caned  Me- 
from  side  to  aide,  are 

g,  denote  the  degreea  of 
along  the  aides  of  mape 

le  equator.  The  doited 
kingdoms,  ke.  When, 
ocean,  sea,  lake  rive?) 


fa  part  or  the  whole  of 
lurope  %  Which  are  the 
»p  in  regard  to  the  point! 
lie  right  hand  East,  fcc 
1  FaraUels  of  latitude  1 
epresented  when  there  ia 
ryl 


h? 

phere,  the  Ball  W8 


g  through  its  oen- 


INTRODUCTORT    LESSONS. 


13 


S3.  The  northern  extremity  of  the  earth,  is  caUed  Che  North  Pole  the 
southern  exlremily  the  South  Pole.  If  you  examine  tlic  map  of  the  world 
you  will  perceive  that  the  SonU  and  South  poles  are  on  both  hemispheres! 
yet  there  is  hut  one  North  Pole,  and  one  South  Pole. 

Q.  What  is  the  size  or  bulk  of  the  earth  i 
A.  It  is  about  twenty-five  thousand  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, or  around  it,  and  eight  thousand  in  diam- 
eter, or  through  it. 

24.  A  line  to  extend  around  the  earth,  must  be  about  twenty-five  thou- 
sand miles  long,  and  a  line  to  extend  through  the  centre  of  it,  about  eight 
thousand  miles  long.  Suppose  the  earth  wen'  all  land,  and  a  man  could 
walk  one  thousand  miles  a  month,  how  long  would  it  take  him  to  travel 
around  it  1 


Q.  What  is  the  Equator  or  Equinoctial  Line  .' 

A.  It  is  an  imaginary  circle  or  line,  drawn  round 

the  earth  from  East  to  West,  at  an  equal  distance 

from  each  pole. 

95.  The  equator  divides  Uie  earth  Into  northern  and  souUiem  hemie- 
pheres.  The  northern  hemisphere  embraces  all  between  the  equator  and 
the  North  pole,— and  the  southern  hemisphere  all  between  the  equator  and 
the  SouUi  pole.    The  equator  is  someUmes  called  simply  the  Line. 

Q.  What  are  the  Tropics  ? 

A.  They  are  two  circles  drawn  round  the  earth  par- 
allel to  the  equator,  23^  degrees  north  and  south  of  it. 

88.  TTw  circle  north  of  the  equator  is  called  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,— the 
one  south  of  it  is  called  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn.  How  fer  (torn  the  equa- 
tor to  lb  3  tropics  1  How  many  degrees,  Uien,  are  the  tropics  from  ewh 
other T 

Q.  What  »re  the  Polar  Circles? 

A.  They  are  two  circles  drawn  round  the  earth  2tf^ 
degrees  from  the  poles. 

S7.  The  one  near  Uie  AbrtA  Pole  is  called  tbe  Arctic  Circle,  and  tbe  one 
near  Uie  SmtlA  Pate,  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

Q.  What  are  Meridians,  or  lines  of  Longitude  i 
A.  They  are  lines  extending  from  pole  to  poitt 
through  the  equator. 


f 


INTBObiJCfisilr    LBSSONS. 


14 

S8.  Meridian,  ate  repre«ented  on  map.  by  line,  extending  ftom  the  top 
to  the  bottom. 
Q   What  are  Parallels  of  Latitude  ? 
A.  They  are  circles  or  lines  that  extend  round  the 

earth  from  East  to  West. 

39   The  paiaUeta  of  latitude  are  repre«!nted  on  ">^V»^yJIX  J^7it- 
c      '.ii^  in  .MP     The  Eauator,  Tropics,  Meridian,  and  Parallels  arecir 

60  minutes,  or  geographical  mUe.,  and  every  minute,  or  mUt,  mto  ou 
MCondR. 


6.    LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE. 


Q.  What  is  Latitude  ? 

A.  It  is  distance  from  the  equator, 


towards  the 


poleS' 

™  All  ntacei  North  of  the  Equator,  are  in  North  Latitude.  AB  place. 
JSio^S^^uamr  are  in  SouU.  latitude.  Places  under  the  Equator  have 
no  latitude,— as  Quito. 

Q.  What  is  Longitude  ?  .  •  j- 

A.  It  is  distance  from  any  established  meridian, 

either  East  or  West. 

^"■^th-eTerhrrfrtr^^^^^^^ 

lonKitudo  is  computed  both  from  "»"""'<*   ,"''.^„„     Tim  atMUIui 
!w.  Rreenwich.  and  on  the  bottom  from  Washington.     Ihe  auuutMm 

StovSita  level  of  the  ocean,  the  cUmate  will  he  temperate,  ""^"jhlt  i. 
iS2J  the  Stor.    An  elevation  of  SOO  yard.  P'"*""' ^f ™f jf^  '" 
S!J[,d  to  temperature  m  a  distance  of  5000  mile,  from  the  Equator. 
Q.  How  is  Latitude  and  Longitude  reckoned  ? 


A.  Ii 

.13.  Sixl 
gree.    A 
mile,  mah 
Conscquer 
any  two  pi 

At  the  1 
But  a.  you 
lude  becoi 
AttheEqi 
degreeisit 
degree  of 
English  mi 
the  greate 


Q.  Wl: 

A.  D 
Tropics 

34.  The 
earth. 

Q.  He 

A.  F 

frigid  z< 

35.  The 
lie.  on  bot 
Tropic  of  < 

This  i.  I 
ice  are  ne\ 
i.  noted  foi 
of  the  Uoi 
ckitbed  in 
Imngiide  I 
ion,  Indole 

36.  The 
which  lie  t 

TheBon 
cle  i.  calk 
of  Capricoi 

These  k 
.int.  The  | 
zone,  tliey 
ever  i«d  ih< 


"T'Miriifi'nii  ■ 


itendiog  (tom  the  top 


ixtend  round  the 


1  mapa  by  linea  drawn 
■  and  Paralleb  are  cir- 
B  ■tmight  linea.  Every 
and  every  degree  into 
inute,  or  milt;,  into  60 


;tude. 

itor,  towards  the 


th  Utitude.    AH  placee 
8  under  the  Equator  liave 


blished  meridian, 


capital  of  their  own  coun- 
'  Pari!,— the  Engllih  from 
five  mile*  Eait  of  LondAn, 
im  Waabington,  which  i« 
our  mapa  however,  the 
1  Greenwich,— on  tli«  top 
hington.  The  ttUMi»kii 
ed  0  on  the  map.  Plaeaa 
ich  are  aituated  Eaat  of  it, 
It  Longitude. 

jnaMe  u«  to  determine  the 
:CB  from  each  other.  And 
mine  very  nearly,  the  tem- 
t  the  Equator,  ti.e  wanner 
I.  the  colder  i«  ita  cUmate. 
lin.  or  any  elevation  maeh 
)  temperate,  although  it  la 
irodueea  the  aame  efltet  in 
ea  from  the  Equator. 
:koned  i 


INTRODOCTORY    LKaSONB.  U^ 

A.  In  degrees, — minutes, — and  seconds. 

33.  Biity  sRconda  make  one  minute— and  rixty  minutM  mnke  one  de- 
gree. A  mmutc  is  called  a  geographical  mile.  Hence  60  geographic 
milea  make  a  degree;  and  69J  atatute  or  English  milea  moke  or*  degree. 
Consequently  if  you  multiply  the  number  of  degrees  of  latitude  between 
any  two  places  by  69  J,  you  will  ascertain  the  distance  in  English  milea. 

At  the  Equator,  drgrees  of  longitude  and  latitude  are  of  the  same  length. 
But  as  you  go  from  the  Equator,  either  North  or  South,  a  degree  of  longi- 
tude become*  conatanUy  less,  until  at  the  Poles,  it  terminates  at  a  point. 
At  the  Equator  a  degree  n\  longitude  is  69|  English  miles,— in  latituds  40 
degrees,  it  is  46  miles, — in  latitude  60,  It  is  30  miles,  and  at  the  Poles,  0.  A 
degree  of  latitude  is  as  long  at  the  Poles  as  at  the  Bqirator— viz.  6BA 
Engliah  mites.  The  greatest  latitude  a  place  can  have,  is  90  degree*,  and 
the  greatest  longitude,  180  degrees. 


7.  ZONES. 
Q.  What  are  Zones  ? 

A.  Divisions  of  the  earth's  surface  formed  by  the 
Tropics  and  Polar  circles. 

34.  The  word  Zone  means  a  belt,  or  girdle,  because  it  paasea  round  the 
earth. 

Q.  How  many  Zones  are  there  .' 

A.  Five,  viz.  one  torrid,  two  temperate,  and  two 

frigid  zones. 

35.  The  Torrid  Zone  embraces  that  part  of  the  earth's  surfhee  which 
Ilea  on  boUi  sides  of  the  Equator,  between  Uw  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  the 
Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

This  is  called  the  torrid  zone,  on  account  of  ita  great  heat.  Snow  and 
Ice  are  never  seen  there  except  on  the  tops  of  the  highest  monntkUia.  It 
la  noted  for  iu  productiona,  both  animal  and  vegetable.  This  la  the  home 
of  Uw  Uon,  tiger,  giraffe,  hippopotamua  and  "ilephant.  Tlie  fbreata  an 
ckitlMd  In  perpetual  verdure,  and  otten  the  ripe  fruit  and  opening  bkMWHii 
hang  aide  by  aide  on  the  same  tree.  The  inhabitants  are  of  a  dark  com[iiex- 
lon,  indolent,  and  effluninate.    They  live  usually  In  ulightly  built  dweOings. 

36.  The  Temperate  Zdnes  embrace  those  parts  of  the  earth's  aurftce 
which  lie  between  the  Tropics  and  Polar  Circles. 

The  aone  which  Ilea  between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  the  Arctic  Cir- 
cle la  called  Uie  North  Temperate  Zone.  The  other,  between  the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn  and  the  Antarctic  Circle,  the  South  Temperate  Zone. 

These  zones  are  called  VrnprnUii,  becauae  the  cUmate  is  miM  and  plca»- 
nnt.  The  people  have  fhir  complexions,  and  in  the  northern  temper:ite 
zone,  they  are  noted  for  industry,  intelligence  and  energy,  and  for  havmg 
ever  led  the  wa^  bi,bun«n  improvement  and  civUiiation. 


i' 


-:'r 


m 


JQ  INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 

37    Th.  Frigi,!  Zones  embrace  those  parts  of  the  earth's  surface  which 

f"'",;:?,"  "'•'":;;",     <  .'^  y  .  ,..■  hardiest  ani.nals,  as  the  reindeer,  white 
recs,  shr.ibs  anuj.rasst,.     u niy  ,„,„i„<,„..,3  in  tho.e  icy  regions. 

"Z'^Z^::::^^^^^^^^^^-  of  >n.v  .at,.re.  swarthy  completion, 
and  are  noted  fortlicir  ignorano!  and  stupidity. 

^uesti^n..     How  many  zones  are  ^rrJ^::.^^:!^^:^^ 

^:i;?-:::.i::h'ie''::::'ri'w.'i^r'rr:^:eV.o..emos.in- 

dustrious,  intcllii-'ont  and  p'rsevering  1 

8.  Ni^TURAL  AND  POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 
Q.  Into  how  many  parts  is  Geography  tli .  ided  ? 
A.  Into   two,-Natural,   or    Physical  Geography, 
and  Political  Geography.  u  j     ' 

O    What  does  Natural  or  Physical  Geography  describe  ? 
A    The  works  of  nature,-the  continents,  islands, 
oceans,  seas,  rivers,  monntains,  and  the  soil,  chmate. 
nroductions,  &c.  of  different  countries. 

proauCUOlls,  «-».  „,..parthare  divided  into  three  clasM^ 

SS.  All  the  various  o.je^ on  ;'-;^^;:^„^\„,  „„„„,  Kingdom. 
"'  rC  mi^;.!  SmTncladr:"  earths,  stones,  metals,  salts,  water.. 

"iTh:  «S^o,n  includes  nil  trees,  shruln.  and  planU. 
3  The  anLal  kingdom  includes  all  hving  creatures. 
Q   What  does  Political  Geography  describe  ? 
A    The  works  and  institutions  of  men.— their  gov- 
ernment,   religion,    and    civilization.-their     dress, 
modes  of  building  and  travelling.-their  cities,  villa- 

(Tps  roads,  and  various  arts. 

^  nItI    Nlra.  and  Political  Geography  are  u«»l.y  u.ught  in  connec 

lion.  

9    THE  NATIONS  OF  THE  EARTH. 

Q   Do  all  the  nations  of  the  earth  resemble  each  other  ? 

A.  They  do  not.    They  differ  in  their  complex- 


ion, in  t 
food,  an 

39.  The  ' 
The  Asiatic 

40.  1.  Tl 
It  includes  i 
tars,  Arabia 

:!.  The  A 
Ja[anese,  t 
Ind.ans. 

3  The  M 
ants  of  Male 

4.  The  A 
of  Afri  -a. 

5.  Th:i  A 
the  Indiait^ 


Q.  Will 
may  men  I 

A.  Ini 

zed  and 

world. 

41.  1.  In 
Their  wants 
dens,  and  Cii 
lie  America 

2.  In  the  / 
agriculture, 
with  their  t 
Arabs  and  M 

3.  In  the 
sciences,  ani 
Chuiese. 

4.  In  the  I 
industry,  t 
and  all  the  ai 
United  State 


Q.  Wha 
A.  Th 


t\>- 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


IT 


earth's  surface  which 

h  prevails  there  tor  the 
1  mosses,  a  few  stunted 
f.  aa  the  reindeer,  white 
oe  in  these  icy  regions. 
,  swarthy  complexions, 


pnrt  of  the  earth's  sur- 
th  Temperate  1  North 
are  tlie  people  most  in- 

■  -     ■     ■-  .■•■■'*' 

lEOGRAPHY. 

.ided? 

3ical  Geography, 

raphy  describe  ? 
)ntinents,  islands, 
the  soil,  climate, 
ies. 

vidcd  into  three  classes, 
the  animal  kingdom, 
nes,  metals,  salts,  waters, 

rubs  and  plants. 

ures. 

ribe  ? 

•  men,— their  gov- 

on,— their     dress, 

-their  cities,  viila- 

isuBlly  taught  in  connec- 


ion,  in  the  language  they  speak,  in  their  dress,   their 
food,  and  in  their  manners  and  customs. 

39.  The  various  nations  are  divided  into  five  races,  viz.  The  European,— 
The  Asiatic, — The  Malay, — The  African, — anii  The  American. 

40.  1.  The  European  race  has  regular  features  and  a  fair  complexion. 
It  includes  the  Europeans  and  their  descendants  in  America,  Turks,  Tar- 
tars, Arabians,  Persians,  Hindoos,  Abyssinians,  Egyptians  and  Moors. 

:!.  The  Asiatic  race  has  a  yellow  complexion,  and  includes  the  Chinese, 
Jaiancse,  the  Siberian  tribes,  Laplanders,  Greenlanders,  and  Esquimaux 
Ijidans. 

3  The  Malay  race  has  a  brown  complexion,  and  includes  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Malay,  the  Asiatic  islands  and  New  Zealand. 

4.  The  African  race  has  a  black  complexion  and  includes  the  Negroes 
of  Afri  -a. 

5.  Th.^  American  race  has  a  copper  colored  complexion,  and  includes  all 
the  Indiaitf  of  America,  except  the  Esquunaux. 


10.    STATE  OF  SOCIETY.  i 

■■     ■■nr 

Q.  With  respect  to  their  social  state,  into  how  many  classes 
may  men  be  divided  .' 

A.  Into  four,  viz.  the  savage,  half-civilized,  civili- 
zed and  enlightened.  See  symbols  on  the  map  of  the 
world. 

41.  1.  In  the  savage  state,  men  usually  live  by  bunting  and  fishing. 
Tbeir  wants  are  few,  and  they  live  almost  like  beasts,  in  miserable  huts, 
dens,  and  caverns.  They  are  generally  blood-thirsty  and  revengeful, — as 
the  American  Indians. 

2.  In  the  half-emUited  state,  men  subsist  by  pasturage  and  a  rude  kind  of 
agriculture,  itome,  however,  live  in  tents,  and  wander  from  place  to  place 
with  their  flocks  and  herds ;  oihers  live  by  piracy  and  robbery  as— the 
Arabs  and  Malays. 

3.  In  the  civiliied  state,  men  are  acquainted  with  many  of  the  arts  and 
sciences,  and  subsist  by  agriculture,  manuliictuies  and  commerce,  as — the 
Chinese. 

4.  In  the  enlightened  state,  men  arc  noted  for  intelligence,  enterprise  and 
industry.  The  arts  and  sciences  are  carried  tu  a  high  degree  of  perfection, 
and  all  the  arrangements  of  society  are  in  a  highly  improved  form, — as  io  the 
United  States,  France,  &.c. 


S  EARTH, 
able  each  other .' 
in  their  complex- 


11.    GOVERNMENT. 
Q.  What  is  meant  by  Government  ? 
A.  The  power  that  makes  and  executes  the  laws. 


ft8!^,(i(5^if^*i^^!^S^sP^(KSf«^nt?v»s^ 


18 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


An.onR  different  nations  there  are  various  formB  of  government,  wn.e 

or  "^...^^  c„i..^in.  i.  .  ca,,e.i  a  ^^^^J^^  ^^^^^^  Zt 

caufd'an  ataoTu.e  .nonarchy,  like  that  of  Russia  or  Turkey.     S«  >rnl,oU  on 

'*  ^''When'rgmernn.cnt  is  conducted  by  persons  chosen  by  the  pec. 
pie  a.  th.irugents'or  representatives,  it  is  called  a  repuM.c,  hke  that  of  the 

•''"i'i^'s'r^^rKOvernn.ents  conducted   by  dukc^  princes,  tc.  are    called 
duchies,  principalities,  tc. 


12.   POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Q.  What  is  a  village? 
A.  A  small  collection  of  houses  and  inhabitants. 

a.  What  is  a  city  ?  ,    ■    .    u-       . 

A.  A  large  collection  of  houses  and  inhabitants, 

governed  by  a  mayor,  aldermen,  &.c.        '     ^'       •^• 

Q.  What  is  a  town  ? 

A.  A  tract  of  country  usually  several  miles  m  ex- 
tent, and  not  so  thickly  inhabited  as  a  village  or  city. 

Q.  Of  what  does  a  county  consist?  .    ,< 

A.  Of  sf-eral  towns. 
Q.  Of  what  dops  a  state  consist? 
A.  Of  several  counties  united  under  one  govern- 
ment. „  . 

45.  In  South  Carolina,  instead  of  counties,  these  div«ions  are  called 
dirtricts,  and  in  I.fluisi»na,  parishes. 

Q    Of  what  does  the  republic  of  the  United  States  consist  ? 
A.  Of  several  states  united  under  one  general  gov 
ernment,  at  the  head  of  which  is  a  president. 
Q.  What  is  a  kingdom  ? 
A.  A  country  ruled  by  a  king,— as  France. 


Q  Ofu 
A.  Ol 

Russia- 

4fi,  Politi 
contain  mei 
to  tlie  same 
of  dilfereut 


Q.   In  H 

A.  In 

sessed  ol 

47.  Th.-  i 
artor  of  the 
Hsiice  the  v 
uH  the  map  oj 

4H.  The 
Malioniedan 

I.  TlieJe 
.New,  and  c: 
and  found  it 

a.  Chri«ti 
einn  as  tauK 
Konian  Caib 
into  various 
diBts,  Friend 

3.  Tile  M 
of  Arabia,  ' 
Koran." 

4.  Pagans 
sun.  tc.  Pi 
and  of  sava^ 


What  is 
What  is 
What  pa 
Whaf.  p 
In  what 
Do  all  li 
and  South 
What  111 


1 


N8. 

ms  of  government,  lonie 

!  man,  as  a  king,  empeiot, 
f  the  power  of  the  «)ve- 
fil  or  constitutional  mon- 
er  is  not  tlins  limited,  it  in 
Turkey.     See  aymbolt  m 

sons  chosen  by  the  peo- 
a  repulilic,  like  that  of  the 

princes,   tc.  are   called 


IONS. 

and  inhabitants. 
IS  and  inhabitants, 

.c.    ■'■'  ^'^   y- 

several  miles  in  ex- 
as  a  village  or  city. 


I  under  one  govern- 

tbese  divisions  are  called 

Jnited  States  consist  ? 
ler  one  general  gov- 
a  president. 

as  France. 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS.  f^ 

Q.  Of  wh.U  does  an  empire  consist .'  "'     '»■'■■ 

A.  Of  several  countries  ruled  by  an  emperor,  as 
Russia. 

4fi.  Political  divisions  are  porUons  of  the  earth's  surface  which  usually 
contain  men  of  one  nation,  who  speiik  the  same  lannuaRii  and  are  subject 
to  Itie  same  laws.  Kmpires.  howuvur,  frequently  comprise  various  nations 
of  different  languages  and  inatitutio:ig. 


13.   RULIGfON.  1     ,*,   ■ 

Q.  In  what  do  all  races  of  men  believe  .' 
A.  In  the  existence  of  some  invisible  being,  pos- 
sessed of  superior  power. 

47.  Thi-  idoa»  of  mankind  are.  however,  much  diversified  as  to  the  char- 
artcr  of  the  invisible  being,  or  Deity,  and  the  modes  of  worshipping  him. 
Hsrice  the  vast  number  of  religious  denominations,  or  sects.  See  symbota 
an  the  map  of  the  world. 

48.  Tlie  four  prevailing  systems  of  religion,  are  the  Jewish,  Christian, 
Mahoniedan  and  Pagan. 

I.  Tlie  Jews  are  those  who  believe  in  the  Old  Testament,  and  riyect  the 
.New,  and  expect  a  i»aviour  yet  to  come.  They  are  numerous  in  Poland, 
and  found  in  most  of  the  principal  cities  of  the  world. 

a.  Christians  are  those  who  believe  in  the  principles  of  morality  and  reli- 
Bion  as  taught  by  Christ.  There  are  three  great  ilivisions  of  Christians,  viz.. 
Koman  Catholics,  the  Greek  Church  and  Protestants.  The  latter  arc  divided 
Inio  various  sectit,  called  Congregationalists,  Presbytfrians,  Baptists,  Metho- 
dists, Friends,  &c. 

3.  The  Mahomedans,  or  Mussulmans,  are  those  who  believe  in  Mahomet, 
of  Arabia,  who  professed  to  bring  a  revelation  from  heaven  called  "  the 
Koran." 

4.  Pagans  are  those  who  worship  various  objects,  idols,  animals,  the 
sun,  tc.  Paganism  is  the  religion  of  the  countries  of  south-eastern  Asia, 
and  of  savages  in  all  [>arts  of  the  world. 

14.    QUESTION:^  ON  THE  MAPS.  '^Y 

What  is  the  map  of  the  World  a  picture  of  1 
What  is  the  map  of  the  United  States  a  picture  of? 
What  parts  of  a  map  represent  North,  East,  South  and  West  .> 
Whaf.  p,irt3  are  represented  by  the  four  corners  of  a  map  .> 
In  what  directions  are  lines  drawn  on  maps  ? 
Do  all  lines  appear  to  run  either  East  and  West,  or  North 
and  South  % 
What  lines  or  circles  run  East  and  West?  ..-r    - 


ua  ai, 

I  and  Sou 
What 


^^^Km 


]?^WV>^W*^^ 


^^ 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


What  lines  or  circles  run  North  and  South!  ■• 

How  does  the  map  of  the  world  represent  the  whole  of  th 
earth's  surface  ?    It  represents  the  earth  as  .f  cut  .n  halves     om 
North  to  South,  and  each  circle  or  part,  represents  one  half  of 
the  earth's  surface.     These  halves  are  called  the  Eastern  and 
Western  Hemispheres.         ^ 

with  a  hinne.     Then,  hy  oponing  ".'"f"'«  "V"  P','J''"j",^  „"  , „e  world  at  one 
dientwiU  be  found  more  useful  than  a  costly  globe.  -R.  O.  i*«k«k. 


MAP  OF  THE  WORLD.  ' 

How  many  Continents  are  there  ? 

On  which  Hemisphere  is  the  Eastern  continent  ? 

On  which  Hemisphere  is  the  Western  continent? 

How  is  the  Eastern  continent  divided  ? 

How  is  the  Western  continent  divided  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  continent  is  Europe  ? 

_  .       .  .    •        *  r_: a       a     «r  ^  ., 


w.  w. 


In  what  part  is  Africa 


?    s.  w. 


In  what  part  is  Asia  .>    e.  ,    .        •     j 

In  what  part  .i  the  Western  continent  is  North  America .    n. 
In  what  part  is  South  America  ?    ».  .       »    , 

What  are  the  five  Grand  Divisions  of  the  two  continents  ?  £■ 

A.  A.— N.-A.  &  *.-A. ^ 

Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Grand  Divisions  ?    Asia. 
Which  is  the  second  largest .'    Africa. 
Which  is  the  third  .'    North  America. 
Which  is  the  fourth  ?    South  America. 
Which  is  the  smallest .'    Europe. 

Which  is  the  largest,  the  Eastern  or  Western  continent  i    1. 1 
Which  extends  farthest  south  ?    w.     v    ,r-  r^^  ^.- 


Which 
Which 
Is  ther( 
On  whi 

JVhats 
What  s 
What  ii 

Whato 
Wiiat  o( 
Whato 
Whato 
What  o 
What  01 
What  o: 
What  o 
What  01 
What  01 

How  mi 

Which 

Which 

Which 

Which 

Which : 

What  h 
Betweei 
What  la 
What  is 
What  ii 
Islands. 


*  America, 
conUnentof 
"The  New  > 
World,"  w»f 


hi 

ent  the  whole  of  th^ 

if  cut  in  halves  from 

epresents  one  half  of 

ailed  the  Eastern  and 


her,  to  prnoiire  a  wooden 
to  connect  the  two  halves 
In.  he  can  show  them  how 
sides  of  the  world  nt  one 
in  easily  eiplain  the  »itua- 
the  North-enntern  part  of 
\e  wrti  which  appear  to 
■ether.  This  simple  expe- 
,e."_E.  G.  PiRMR. 


LD. 

:ontinent  ? 
continent  ? 


is  Europe  ?    n.  w. 

:  ia  North  America  ?  n. 
the  two  continents  ?  t- 


risions  ?    Asia. 

1, 

I.        «■  y  "  ■ 

:a. 


Western  continent  i 


MAP    OP   THF,    WORLD. 

Which  is  the  longest  from  East  to  West .' 

Which  is  the  lonf,'cst  from  North  to  South  I 

Is  there  more  land  North,  or  South  of  the  Equator  * 

On  which  side  of  the  Ecjuntor  is  there  more  water  ? 

What  sea  between  Europe  and  Africa  ?     m. 

What  sea  between  Africa  and  Asia?     r. 

What  is  the  only  sea  in  the  Western  hemisphere  ?    c. 


What  ocean  separates  America*  from  Europe  and  Africa? 

Wiiat  ocean  North  of  Europe  and  Asia  ?  * 

What  ocean  East  of  Asia  ?  '  '.  ^ 

What  ocean  South  of  Asia  ?  .-    -    '    '' 

What  ocean  East  of  Africa  ? 

What  ocean  West  of  Europe  and  Africa  !         '  '    »i 

What  ocean  East  of  America  ? 

What  ocean  West  of  America  ?        -  '  . .    ,,.• 

What  ocean  surrounds   the  South  Pole  .'  ;,..!. 

What  ocean  surrounds  the  North  Pole  ? 


How  many  oceans  are  there  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  ocean  ?    Pacific. 
Which  is  the  second  largest  ?    Atlantic. 
Which  is  the  third .'     Indian. 
Which  is  the  fourth  .'     Southern. 
Which  is  the  smallest .'    Arctic. 


What  large  island  South-east  of  Asia  ?    A. 
Between  what  two  oceans  is  Aiutralia  f 
What  large  island  North  of  Australia  .' 
What  island  South  of  Australia  ?    v.-d,-l. 
What  islands  between  Asia  and  Australia? 
Islands. 


East  India 


*  America,  the  general  name  applied  to  the  western  conUnent  The  whole 
continent  of  America,  after  Its  discovery  by  Guropeans,  in  Utt,  wu  called 
"The  New  World,"  because  it  was  new  to  Its  dlscovererii  uid  the  term  "  Old 
World,"  war  applied  to  the  eastern  continent 

3* 


«2 


EXERC'5lSB   O*.    THE 


What  islands  between  No-»ti  snJ  Si;..;h  America  ?    w.  i. 

What  large  island  South-eiiSt  of  Africa?    m. 

What  fcnd  near  the  South  Pole  .'    a.  c  '  ' 

Note— The  Antarctic  Continent  wa«  discovered  by  the  I'nited  Btatca' 
Exploring  Expedition,  under  the  command  of  Charles  VVilkei,  Esq.,  Jaa  19, 
1840.  

What  Grand  DiTisions  does  the  Equator  cross  .'    «  -.v  f.  a 
What  Grand  Divisions  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancp-  tc;.*    .».-  a. 

A.  A. 

What  Grand  Divisions  and  large  island,  il.    "^ropir-  of  ta^)!.- 

corn  ? 

What  Grand  Divisions  does  the  Arctic  Circle  cilms?    n.-a. 

K.  A. 
What  Grand  Divisions,  the  Anlaivtic  Circle  .'      Why  none? 


In  what  Zones  is  the  Western  Continent  ?    «-t.  r.  n-t.  N-r. 
In  what  Zones  is  tie  Eastern  Continent?    s-t.  t.  w-t.  w-f. 
In  what  Zones  is  North  America  ?    Sotith  America  ? 
In  what  Zones  is  Europe  ?    Asia  ?    Africa  ? 
How  many  Grand  Divisions  extend  into  the  N.  Frigid  Zone  ? 
How  many  into  the  South  Temperate  Zone  ? 
How  many  into  the  South  Frigid  Zone  ?    Why  none  ? 
In  what  Zone  is  the  greater  part  of  Europe  ?  Asia?   Africa? 
North  America ?    South  America  ?    Australia? 

Which  two  Grand  Divisions  has  the  warmest  climate  ? 

NoTi.— Countries,  or  places  are  the  hottest  or  have  the  warmest  cUmate, 
where  the  sun  at  IS  o'clock,  shines  most  direcUy  over-head.    See  Note  30. 

Is  Europe  in  North,  or  South  latitude  ? 
Why  is  Europe  in  North  latitude  ?    See  30. 
Is  Africa  in  North,  or  South  latitude  ? 
Why  if  Africa  in  both  North  and  South  latitude  ? 
b  AiU  in  North,  or  South  latitude  ?    South  America  i 
.%.'■■.  ■■-,»"•  .n'  . 


■iaL 

'-.TiiiiiiiiiMftjj. 


In  wha 
In  whi 
In  wh; 
In  wh: 
In  whi 
In  wh: 
In  whs 
In  whs 

How  I 
ocean  ? 

Which 
oceans  ? 
In  wha 
Whato 
Whatc 
Which 
Which 
Which 
Which 
Which 
Which 
Which 
Which 
What  i! 
What  01 
What  ii 
What  s( 
What  si 
What  t\ 

If  we  di 


*  The  lear 
centre  ot  otu 
it  may  be  bei 
other. 


merica  ?     w.  i. 

M. 


i  by  the  I'nited  Btatcn' 
>  VVilkei,  Esq.,  Jan.    19, 


cross  ?     t.-A.  ft  A 

Cancf  TtiS.  .*.-\. 
thf.  Tropir-  of  Ca|)i.- 
Circle  c:t.:>^?  w.-A. 
ircle  ?     Why  none? 

t?     B-T.   i\  N-T.  N-r. 
;  ?      8-T.    T.    N-T.    N-F. 

jth  America  ? 

rica  ? 

1  the  N.  Frigid  Zone  ? 

one  ? 

?    Why  none  ? 

rope  ?  Asia  ?  Africa  ? 

tralia  ? 

irmest  climate  ? 

have  the  wannest  eUmate, 
over-bead.    See  Note  30. 


!e  30. 

h  latitude } 
South  America  ? 


In  what 
In  what 
In  what 
In  what 
In  what 
In  what 
In  what 
In  what 


MAP    or     THE    WORLD.  | 

direction  fr«m  North  Amci       ji  South  America ?* 
direction  Irom  .South  America  la  Europ» 
direction  from  Europe  is  Africa? 
direction  from  Africa  is  Asia  .' 
direction  from  Asia  is  Australia.'  •  - 

direction  from  Australia  is  Africa  .> 
direction  from  Africa  is  South  Americd 
direction  from  South  America  is  North  /.    »rica  ? 


How  many  of  the  Grand  Divisions  border  on  the  Atlantic 
ocean  .'     Pacific  .'    Indian  .'    Arctic  ocean  .' 

Which  Grand  Division  borders  on  the  greatest  number  of 
oceans  .'    Which  on  the  least  ? 

In  what  ocean  is  the  Antarctic  continent .'  .  >      > 

What  oceans  border  on  the  Eastern  continent .'    i.  r.  i.  a. 

What  oceans  border  on  the  Western  continent  ?    a.  a.  f.  s. 

Which  extends  farthest  South,  North  America  or  Europe  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  South,  Europe  or  Asia? 

Which  e-xtends  farthest  South,  Asia  or  Africa  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  North,  Africa  or  South  America? 

Which  extends  farthest  East,  S.  America  or  N.  America  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  West,  Europe  or  Africa  ? 

Whifh  extends  farthest  East,  Africa  or  Europe  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  South,  North  America  or  Asia  ? 

What  isthmus  unites  North  and  South  An.erica? 

What  ocean  and  sea  are  divided  by  the  isthmus  of  Darien  ? 

What  isthmus  unites  Africa  and  Asia? 

What  seas  are  divided  by  the  isthmus  of  Suez  ?    b.  M.  " 

What  strait  divides  Asia  from  North  America  ? 

What  two  oceans  does  Behring's  strait  connect  ? 


If  we  divide  the  map  of  the  world  into  two  hemicpheres,  by 


'The  learner  will  bear  In  mind  that  be  must  elve  the  direction  ttam  thu 
esTUre  of  one  division,  or  country,  to  the  emire  oMhe  other  p£Ii?.n.2?iiil? 
U  may  be  beneficial  toextend.  J^e  fhSfST^StwSroM  io  ST^Si.'ofthe' 


i:' 


24  EXERCISES   ON  THE 

the  line  called  the  Equator,  what  are  these  hemispheres  called  ? 

See  small  map. 

In  which  of  these  hemispheres  is  North  America .' 

In  which  is  Europe  ?    Asia  ?    Australia  ? 

WWeii  Grand  Divisions  lie  in  both  Northern  and  Southern 
hemispheres  ?    Why  is  S.  America  and  Africa  in  both  ! 

What  ocean  lies  wholly  in  the  Northern  hemisphere  ?    a. 

What  ocean  lies  wholly  in  the  Southern  hemisphere  ?    ». 

What  oceans  lies  partly  in  both  hemispheres?    a.  i.  p. 

In  which  Grand  Division  of  the  globe  are  we  ? 

In  which  division  of  North  America  ? 

If  you  were  going  from  the  United  States  to  Europe,  wha 
ocean  would  you  cross?    Would  you  go  East  or  West  ?    Why? 

If  you  were  going  from  the  United  States  to  Cape  Horn,  woa  d 
you  go  North  or  South?    Why?    In  what  zones  would  you  sail  ? 

Ingoing  to  the  Red  sea  by  water,  what  oceans  would  you 
pass  ?  How  many  times  cross  the  equator?  In  what  zones 
would  you  sail  ? 


I 


•    MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

In  what  hemisphere  is  North  America  ? 

In  what  part  of  the  Western  hemisphere  is  it  ? 

In  what  direction  is  North  America  longest  ? 

Which  is  widest,  the  Northern  or  Southern  part  ? 

With  what  is  North  America  connected  ? 

Does  North  America  lie  in  North  or  South  latitude  ? 

Why  is  it  in  North  latitude  ?    30. 


What  ocean  bounds  North  America  on  the  North  ? 

What  ocean  bounds  it  on  the  East  ?    a. 

What  gulf  on  the  South  ?    m. 

Wh»t  ocean  bounds  it  on  the  West  ?    p. 


How  t 
What 
What 
What 
In  whi 
Whicl 

What 
America 

49.  Riis 
savages,  w 
of  Russian 
Chinese  in 
settlement. 

What: 

B. -A. 

50.  Drit 

comprises 
the  adjacei 
the  extendi 
formerly  sc 
they  were 
because  it 
same  name 

What  1 
ica  ?  u. 
What  I 
What  I 
Which 
Wiiat  I 
What  L 
What  I 

What  i 

ti.-A.  49. 
What  is 

•All  of  B] 
poaiiB,  IS  ca 

•  The  cap! 
MONTnEAL. 


'-^v^Mvi&\«i«d^llri«4MJ%«f««d««.< 


1 


..^.,  .r^-ajti'^v^w*. 


emispheres  called  ? 

merica  ? 

Iiern  and  Southern 
ica  in  both  I 
lemisphere  ?    a. 
hemisphere  ?    ». 


res ! 


A.   I.  P. 


I  we  ? 

Les  to  Europe,  what 
ist  or  West  ?  Why  ? 
to  Cape  Horn,  would 
;ones  would  you  sail  ? 
;  oceans  would  you 
or?     In  what  zones 


IICA. 

e  is  it  ? 
;est  ? 

t.ern  part  ? 
I  ? 
jth  latitude  ? 


the  North?    a. 


MAP    OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  25 

How  many  oceans  border  on  North  America  ?    a.  a.  p. 
What  ocean  borders  most  on  North  America  .'    p. 
What  divides  North  America  from  Asia  ?    b. 
What  does  Bchring's  Strait  connect  ?  a.  p.    21. 
In  what  Zones  is  North  America?    t.  n-t.  n-p. 
Which  part  is  warmest  ?     Which  part  is  coldest  ?    32. 

What  Division  comprises  the  North-western  part  of  North 
America?    r.-p. 

49.  Russian  Possessions,  is  a  cold  and  dreary  country,  inhabited  by  a  few 
savages,  wlio  subsist  by  hunting  and  fishing,  and  by  son.e  snmll  conipanic. 
of  Russian  settlers,  whoso  object  is  to  collect  furs  of  the  Indians  for  the 

spaZenT'^f  •    ^"■'^  ■\^'="-'"'e«''  on  <"<-■  island  of  Sitka,  is  the  principal 
settlement.     It  contains  about  1000  inhabitants. 

What  Division  comprises  the  Northern  part  of  N.  America? 

B. -A. 

50.  British  America  is  a  vast  territory,  nearly  as  large  as  Europe.  It 
comprises  West  Canada,  East  Canada,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scofa,  with 

he  adjacent  islands.  Prince  Jklward's.Cape  Breton  and  Newfoundland,  and 
the  extensive  region  of  New  Britain.*  East  and  West  Canada,  were 
formerly  separate  provmces,  called  Upper  and  Lower  Canada.  In  1841 
they  were  united  under  one  government.  British  America  is  so  called, 
because  it  belongs  to  (ireat  Britain.  Montreal,  situated  on  an  island  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  is  the  capital. 

What  Division  comprises  the  middle  portion  of  North  Amer- 
ica ?    u.  s.  ,   -.* 

What  Division  in  the  South-western  part  ? 

What  Division  in  the  Southern  part?    g. 

Which  of  those  Divisions  do  you  think  is  largest .' 

What  Divisions  border  on  British  America  ?    r.-p.  and  u.-s. 

What  Divisions  border  on  the  United  States  ?    On  Mexico  ? 

What  Divisions  and  bodies  of  water  border  on  Guatimala  ? 


-*  4*  ■ 


M, 


What  is  the  chief  settlement  of  the  Russian  Possessions  ? 

n.-a,  49. 

What  is  the  capitalf  of  British  America  ?    m. 


mu"  is?alleu  N^^'^BniJk.N."'''  '^'""^'^  *""  """"  P"'"""'  ">'"^  "^  »"o- 
MONrnBAll!'""'  '"'™'  °'  government,  it  in  small  capitals  on  the  map,  at 


§ 


,-j|,C,«v« 


26 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ?    w. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Mexico  ?    m. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Guatimala  ?    st.-s. 

What  country  North-east  of  British  America  ?    o. 

51.  Greenland  is  one  of  the  colrlc^t  countries  on  the  globe  a  '"Bi""  «f '« 
andtnow  It  ha,  but  two  »ea»ons,-«  winter  of  nine  inonthH  and  a  8um- 
S.eroft*ree  Nothing  grows  there,  but  a  few  mo..e».  stunted  Bhrubn  and 
n^i  The  principal  aniniata  are  white  bears,  reindeer,  and  do^.  The 
g^Lde!a  ar'e  sim.'L.r  to  the  Esquimaux  Indian,  They  are  of  a  dwarfish 
size  good  nature.!,  but  dull,  imlolent  and  extremely  filthy.  The  hunting  m 
iN^JTolitutestheirchief  business  and  amusement.  Greenland  is  prob 
ably  a  vast  iaiand.    It  belong*  to  Ueninatk. 

Between  what  bodies  of  water  is  Greenland  .'     a.  b.  d. 
What  large  island  East  of  Greenland  ?  i. 

52.  Iceland  U  a  cold,  rough  and  barren  island,  noted  for  its  volcano  and 
hoimrnes  called  Geysers.  The  people  are  moral,  indusuious,  able  to  read 
S^  wri  -S  contented  and  I'lappy.  They  prefer  their  ow,,  co.|n.ry  to 
8U  oJherB.  Iceland  is  considered  as  belonging  to  Europe,  and  to  .u«ect  to 
Denmark. 

What  Gulf  South  of  the  United  States  .'    m. 

What  Gulf  in  the  Western  part  of  Mexico  .'    c. 

Whrt  Gulf  between  Canada  and  Newfoundland  ?    »t.-v. 

Which  Galf  do  you  think  is  largest.'    M.     Sttiallest  ?    c. 

53.  The  difference  between  a  gulf  and  bay  is  this-A  bay  «  widest  at  the 
opening  between  the  capes,  or  headlands-^n.  grnduahy  narrow,  a  i 
extends  into  the  land-as  the  bay  of  Honduras,  Bengal,  tc;  while  a  a«i.r 
to  ~™uvely  narrow  at  it,  opening  between  the  capes,  and  wider  a.  it 
extSnIanili,  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  Venice.  Baffin',  bay.  Cheiapeake 
bay,  fcc,  are  more  properly  fulf:    81. 

What  Bay  West  of  Greenland?     b. 

What  Bay  in  the  Northern  part  of  British  America  ?    h 

What  Bay  South  of  Hudson's  bay  ?    J. 

What  Bay  East  of  Yucatan  ?    h. 

What  Bay  West  of  Yucatan  .'    c. 

What  Bay  in  the  Western  part  of  Upper  California.'    st.-r. 

What  Bay  in  the  Southern  part  of  Russian  Possessions  ?  b. 

What  Bay  South  of  Hudson's  strait  ?    u. 


What 
of  Fnndj 

54.  Thi 

liieh  tides, 
nel,"  they 
animals  h 


What 

What  I 

Whatl 

What! 

Isle. 

Whatl 

What! 

55.  The 
Georgia, 
of  Georgia 

WhatS 
What  I 

How  m 
What  li 
What  1; 
Whatl 
What  li 
WhatL 
Whatl 

WhatH 
WhatR 
ted  States 
What  t* 
WhatR 

*  The  nni 


,«frt««««(i*f* 


w. 


rica  i 


[he  globe,  a  region  of  ice 
line  inonthH,  and  a  sum- 
SBC8,  stunted  BhrubH  and 
eindeer,  and  dogs.  The 
They  are  of  a  dwarfish 
■  filthy.  The  hunting  of 
Bnt.    Greenland  is  prob 

ind?    A.  B.  D. 


loted  for  its  volcano  and 
induntrious,  able  to  read 
:*r  their  own  country  to 
Europe,  and  is  luWect  to 


M.  ■    **'■" 

CO  ?     c. 

mdland  ?    »t.-i.. 

I,     Smallest  ?    c. 

is — A  BAY  is  widest  at  the 
gradually  narrows  as  it 
engal,  tc;  while  a  avhr 
Ihe  capes,  and  wider  as  it 
liamn's  bay,  Chesapeake 


sh  America?    k 


>r  California.'    st.-r. 
sian  Foasessions  ?  b. 


^m       *■ 


MAP    OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  27 

What  Bay  between  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  vScotia  ?    Bay 
of  Fnndy. 

l,i.^h*,il^'  "M'.?*'  ^"f  i'  ."''""*'  ^"''  """='  '""S-  n  is  remarkable  for  it« 
high  t  des.  At  the  hea.l  of  the  North-eastern  arm,  called  "(Jhignecto  Chan- 
nel, they  rise  from  sixty  to  seventy  feet,  and  are  so  rapid,  as  to  overtake 
animals  feeding  on  the  shore.  "venaKe 


What  Strait  is  the  entrance  to  Baffin's  Bay  ?    d.  ' 

What  Strait  is  the  entrance  to  Hudson's  Bay  .>    h. 
What  Strait  leads  from  Baffln'j  Bay  into  the  Arctic  ocean  ?  b. 
What  Strait  between  Newfoundland  and   Labrador  ?     Belle 
Isle, 

What  Strait  between  North  America  and  Asia  ?    b. 
What  Strait  South  of  Vancouver's  Isle.'    j.-d.-f. 

Geo™  J"'  XlsLrT, "»'' "f  y'«"<:,''"ver-s  :,land  is  called  the  Gulf  of 
Georgia.  ^The  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca  is  the  Southern  entrance  to  On  guff 


of  Georgia. 


What  Sound  in  the  Western  part  of  Russian  Possessions  .' 
What  Inlet  in  the  Southern  part  of  Russian  Possessions! 


How  many  Lakes  between  the  U.  States  and  B,  America?' 
What  large  Lake  South-west  of  Hudsoirs  Bay  ?    w. 
What  large  Lake  North-west  of  lake  Winnipeg  ?    a. 
What  large  Lake  North-west  of  Athabaska  lake  ?    a. 
What  large  lake  North-west  of  Slave  lake  ?  Great  Bear  Lake. 
What  Lake  in  the  Northern  part  of  Upper  California  ?   o.  ». ' 
What  Lake  in  Guatimila  ?    Lake  Nicaragua. 


What  River  runs  from  Slave  lake  into  the  Arctic  ocean  ?  m 
What  River,  in  the  Western  part  of  the  territory  of  the  Uni- 
ted  States,  empties  into  the  Pacific  ?    c. 
What  two  Rivers  empty  into  the  Columbia  ?    c.  h. 
What  River  empties  into  the  bay  of  St.  Francisco  i    s. 


•  The  names  of  the  lakes  will  be  found  on  the  Map  of  (he  United  States. 


*;,rt««»^*'*-' 


-mm 


I 


28  EXERCISES    ON   THE 

What  two  Rivers  unite  and  empty  into  the  guU  of  California  ? 

*^'  What  River  forms  the  boundary  line  between  Mexico  and  the 
United  States  ?    r.-g.  . 

What  large  river  runs  through  the  United  States  into  the  gulf 

of  Mexico  ?     M. 

What  large  branches  bus  the  Mississippi!  o.  on  the  east 
side,  and  m.  a.  r.  on  the  west  side.  . 

What  River  carries  the  waterS  of  the  lakes  between  the  Uni- 
ted States  and  British  America!  into  the  Atlantic  ?    st.-i.. 

What  river  runs  from  lake  Winnipeg  into  Hudson's  Bay  ?     s. 

What  River  empties  into  lake  Winnipeg  ?    s. 

What  two  Rivers  empty  into  James'  Bay  ?  m.  r. 

What  Peninsula  forms  the  Southern  extremity  of  Russian 

Possessions?     a.  ,  „  ,.,  j  »i,„  t>. 

What  Peninsula  between  the  Gulf  of  California  and  the  Pa- 

*"  What*'peniusula  between  the  Bays  of  Honduras  and  Cam- 

''"what"  Pe'ninsuia  South-east  of  New  Brunswick,  between  the 
Bay  of  Fundy  and  the  Atlantic  1    n.  s.  ,...,, 

What  Peninsula  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Atlan- 
tic  i    Florida. 

What  large  Island  in  the"A^c  ocean,  West  of  Barrows' 

§tr&it  "i     M 

What  large  Islund  West  of  Baffin's  bay  and  Davis'  strait  ?    p. 

w.  L. 

What  large  Island  East  of  Greenland?    i. 

What  large  island  in  the  Northern  part  of  Hudson  s  bay  1    •• 

What  large  Island  East  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ?    w. 

RA     Newfoundland  ii  a  torg=,  cold  and  barren  island,  buH'  noted  for  the 

cr.rc:ugrrv^n:&Tu^ 

KVwof  the  i.tand,  caUed  tUe  Banks  of  Newfoundland. 


Wliat  c 
What  Ii 
Which 
Wliich 
Which 

Thcsi'  fni 
(iroat  AiiiJII 

What  g 

South  An: 

\Vhi(  h 

What  c] 

What  tl 

What  r 

America  ? 
What  Hi 
What  tv 

.\mei'ica  a 
Which  ( 
How  lilt 
Wiiat  tw 

cm  part  ol 
.>7.  These 

iliroiiuh  wlii 

Wliat  ca 
What  ca 
Which  i 
Whai  ca 
What  ca 
Wiiat  ca 

On  wliic 
;ind  Now  S 
What  is 
SP.  Thp  H 
'ivers  that  m 
Krjlain.  wlier 
powder,  beat 


™s«-**^*^*'^' ; 


5  gulf  of  California  ? 

feen  Mexico  and  the 

1  States  into  the  gulf 

)pi1    o.  on  the  east 

[es  between  the  Uni- 
lantic  ?     st.-i.. 
o  Hudson's  Bay  ?     s. 
?    s. 

•  ?    M.  R.  "     i 

Bxtremity  of  Russian 
California  and  the  Pa- 
Honduras  and  Cam- 
unswick,  between  the 
VIexico  and  the  Atlan- 

m,  West  of  Barrows' 
and  Davis'  strait  ?    p. 


:t  of  Hudson's  bay  1  •• 
St.  Lawrence  ?    w. 

n  island,  but  is  noted  for  the 
[ore  than  3000  vesseU.  and 
are  employed  in  the  fishery, 
tin  ihallow  places  in  tlie  set 
r  Newfouudland. 


MAP    OP    NORTH    AMERICA. 


2§ 


What  cluster  of  Islands  East  of  the  United  States  ?    b. 

What  Islands  between  North  and  South  America?     w.  i, 

Which  is  the  largest  of  the  West  India  Islands  ?     c. 

Wliich  IS  the  next  lurgest :  h.     Which  is  next  to  Hayti  >  j. 

Which  is  the  fourth  in  size,  or  next  to  Jamaica  ?  p.  r. 

Thcsi'  four  islands,  Cuba,  IlavU,  .laiiinica  and  Porto  Rico  are  called  the 
(iroat  Aniillos. 

What  group  or  chain  of  islands  extend  from  Porto  Rico  to 

South  America  ?  »< 

Whi(  h  is  the  most  sonthrrn  of  tlie  West  India  islands  ?  t. 

What  cliistpr  of  islands  north-east  of  Cnba?  b. 

What  three  islands  West  of  British  America  ?  v.  w.  p. 


What  mountains  extend  tlirough  the  western  part  of  N. 
America .' 

What  name  is  given  to  the  Rocky  mountains  in  Mexico  ■"  c. 

What  two  nioiiiitains  ne-<rly  on  the  boundary  between  British 
America  and  Russian  Possessions  ?  e.  f. 

Which  of  these  is  iiigiiest  ? 

How  high  is  mount  St.  Elias  ? 

Wiiat  two  passes  through  tlie  Rocky  mountains,  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  U.  S.  territory  .>  n.  s. 

.i*.  Tlie«e  pas.sos  are  nap.s  in  tlie  Itocky  mountains,  several  miles  wide, 
iliroii({li  wliich  emigrants  travi-l  to  Urcyon. 


*.»■ 


What  cape  forms  the  southern  extremity  of  Greenland  .'  r. 

U'hat  cape  South  of  Nova  Scoiia .'  s. 

Which  is  the  most  southern  cape  of  the  United  States?  k. 

What  cape  South  of  California?  st -l. 

What  cape  West  of  Upper  California  ?  m. 

What  capes  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United  States? 


On  which  side  of  Hudson's  and  James'  bays  are  New  North 
;ind  New  South  Wales  ? 

What  is  the  eastern  coast  ol  Hudson's  bay  called  ?  e.  m. 

.18.  Tlio  British  have  tradinc  smtiona  ni  the  mouths  of  all  the  principal 
'ivers  that  ompty  into  Hudson's  liny,  rIbo  in  various  other  parts  of  New 
llriiain,  where  the  Indians  come  and  exchange  their  furs  for  blanketi,  gum, 
I'owder,  beads,  trinkets,  tc 

4  ' 


fS!«!«*" 


-=*»>~^ 


ao 


EXERCISES    ON   THE 


What  is  the  country  called  between  Hudson's  Bay  and  the 
Atlantic  .'  h. 

59.  Labrador  is  an  extensive  region.  It  ia,  however,  but  little  known, 
for  it  is  so  colit  ami  barren,  that  no  foreigner  has  ever  attcinpteil  to  explore 
the  interior.  (Jreat  numhors  of  fish  of  various  kinds,  particularly  cod  and 
Falmon,  are  found  on  the  shores  and  small  rivers.  The  coasts  arc  bordered 
by  innumerable  islands,  and  these  are  covered  with  flocks  of  sea  fowl, 
especially  eider  ducks.  Bears,  wolves,  fo.xcs,  marten,  hares,  to.  are  nu- 
merous. The  population  is  small.  The  Esquimaux  inhabit  all  the  coast 
The  tribes  of  the  interior  are  but  little  known.  The  Labrador  fishery  is  m 
great  importance,  and  is  extensively  carried  on  by  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain.  Some  years  nearly  a  thousand  tons  of  codfish,  and  twenty 
tliousand  hogsheads  of  oil  are  obtained. 

What  singular  race  of  people  inhabit  the  whole  northern 
coast  of  America,  from  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Behring'i 
strait  ?    The  H-iquimaux  Indians. 

60.  The  Esquimaux  in  appearance,  character  and  habits,  resemble  the 
Greenlanders.  They  are  small,  ignorant,  filthy  and  stupid,  but  are  a  harm- 
less,  gentle  and  cheerful  race.  They  live  on  fish,  seals  and  sea  fowl,  and 
any  thing  else  the;'  can  obtain  for  food.  They  are  by  no  means  partic- 
ular in  regard  to  their  diet.  They  have  a  fine  kind  of  dogs  which  are 
trained  to  draw  their  sledges,  or  sleds,  over  the  snow.  See  the  picture  on 
the  map.  In  winter  they  live  in  hi  s  made  of  cakes  of  ice,  or  frozen  snow. 
These  are  of  a  circular  form,  and  are  not  only  coinniodious,  but  even  com- 
fortable. When  we  look  at  the  regions  inhabited  by  the  Esquimaux,  the 
climate,  the  productions,  &c.  we  feel  that  their  condition  would  b3  Im- 
proved by  a  removal  to  almost  any  other  country  on  the  globe,  and  yet. 
when  any  of  them  have  been  carried  to  England,  or  France,  and  treated 
with  the  greatest  kindness,  they  have  pined  to  go  back. 

In  what  direction  from  Newfoundland  is  the  Grand  Bank, 
remarkable  for  the  cod  fishery .' 

How  are  the  codfish  taken  .'    With  a  hook  and  line. 


Throtigh  what  must  the  waters  ol  the  Saskatchawan  river 
pass  to  reach  the  ocean  ?  A.  Lake  Winnipeg,  Hudson's  bay, 
and  Hudson's  strait. 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  the  Platte  river  pan  to 
reach  the  ocean  .' 

What  part  of  North  America  is  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer  I    What  division  does  it  cross  .>  m. 

What  part  of  North  America  does  the  Arctic  Circle  crost? 
What  divisions  i    r-p.  b-a.  and  c. 


m  (O0».Aia]klj.^.4t%fti^.^«£4^llil««lktltt. 


In  what 
In  wliat 
In  what 
What  d 

G.  M. 

What  d; 

B-A. 

What  di 

Whatd 

Whatp 

What  d( 

61.  An  i 

found  floatii 

accumulatio 

been  piling  i 

launched  in 

abound  in  I 

half  a  mile  li 

to  300  feet. 

times  greate 

Baffin's  bay 

Whatdf 

How  mi 

What  d( 

What  d( 

Where  i 

lake  Erie 

63.  Niage 

called  Goat 

American  F 

Bide.    This 

Falls  surpas 

body  of  wat 

petuosity  ai 

around,  and 

peat. 


•  If  the  wh< 
InthlsnuestI 
(iuatim:ila,  tl 
the  Biihiimns 


,S5» 

f 


■f^^fyy^f^.f! 


'i^ 


idson's  Bay  and  the 

wcver,  but  little  known, 
i-er  attcmpteil  to  explore 
mlH,  particularly  cod  and 
The  coastM  arc  bordered 
with  flocks  of  sea  fowl, 
irten,  harea,  &e.  are  nu- 
u  inhabit  all  the  coast 
he  Labrador  fishery  is  oi 
)y  the  United  States  and 
18  of  codliah,  and  twenty 

the  whole  northern 
wrence  to  Behring't 

and  habits,  resemble  the 
d  stupid,  but  a;e  a  harm- 
li,  seals  and  sea  fowl,  and 
'  are  by  no  means  partic- 

kind  of  dogs  which  are 
mow.  See  the  picture  on 
kpsofice,  or  frozen  snow. 
)Uiniodious,  but  even  corn- 
ed by  the  Esquimaux,  the 
r  condition  would  bs  im- 
itry  on  the  globe,  and  yet, 
d,  or  France,  and  treated 
0  back. 
i  is  the  Grand  Bank, 

look  and  line. 

le  Saskatchawan  river 
nnipeg,  Hudson's  bay, 

lie  Platte  river  pass  to 


)ssed  by  the  Tropic  of 


he  Arctic  Circle  crost? 


MAP   op   NORTH    AMERICA- 


31 


In  what  zone  is  the  southern  part  of  North  America  .'  t. 
In  wliat  zone  is  the  northern  part .'  n.  t. 
In  what  zone  is  the  largest  part  of  North  America  ?  n.  t. 
What  divisions  of  North  America  are  in  the  Torrid  Zone.* 

G.  M. 

What  divisions  are  in  the  Nortli  Temperate  Zone  .'   m.   u-s. 

B-A. 

What  divisions  are  in  the  North  Frigid  Zone.'  r-p.  b-.*..  o. 


What  does  the  picture  at  the  lop  of  the  map  represent  ? 
What  parU  are  occupied  by  the  Es(|uimaux  Indians  .' 
What  does  the  next  picture  represent .'     An  icebertf. 

61.  An  iceberg  is  a  largo  mass  of  ice  rescmlilinR  a  mountain,  often 
found  floating  in  the  polar  seas.  Some  are  foriiied  in  tlip  sea  itself,  by  the 
accumulation  of  ice  and  snow,  others  suuui  to  be  placiors,  which  have 
been  piling  up  on  shore,  till  quite  overgrown,  and  at  last  are  broken  olfand 
launched  into  the  ocean  by  their  own  weight.  icebergs  of  this  sort 
abound  in  Daflin's  bay,  where  they  are  eonietunes  two  miles  long  and 
half  a  mile  broad,  and  which  rise  above  the  surface  from  the  height  of  100 
10  300  feet,  while  their  depth  below  th')  level  of  the  water  is  about  eight 
times  greater  than  that  above.  Icebergs  have  been  known  to  drift  from 
Baflln's  bay  to  the  Azores,  or  Western  islands. 

What  does  the  third  picture  represent .' 
How  many  of  these  animals  have  you  ever  seen  ? 
What  docs  the  fourth  picture  represent .' 
What  does  the  bottom  picture  represent .' 
Where  are  Niagara  Falls .'     In  the  river   Niagara,  between 
lake  Erie  and  lake  Ontario. 

62.  Niagara  river  at  the  Falls  is  three-fourths  of  a  mile  wide.  An  island, 
called  Goat  island,  t'lvides  the  cataract  into  two  principal  portions,— the 
American  Fall  on  the  East,  and  the  Il.-irse  Shoe  on  the  West,  or  Canada 
side.  This  picture  represents  a  view  of  the  Morse  Shoe  Fall.  .Niagara 
Falls  surpass  all  others  of  the  kno\:n  world  in  grandeur.  'Ihe  immense 
body  of  water  phmges  over  a  precipice  160  feet  high.  The  weight.  Im- 
petuosity and  descent  of  the  waters,  occasion  a  ircmiiloiis  motion  all 
around,  and  cause  a  sound  louder  than  tliat  of  the  ocean  in  a  miglity  tem- 
pest. 


•  If  the  whole  division  Is  not  cmhncoil,  let  the  learner  specify  what  K,ire.  As 
Inthl8(]uesllnn, '  wh.it  divisions  of  N.irlh  Ameriia  are  in  the  torrlil  7.nml  A 
(Jualimiila,  the  southern  part  of  Mexico,  and  all  the  Wast  India  t^liUiUs  except 
the  Biihiunas,  "^ 


,,„^ -.„..>,: ^;T(«^J-'is 


32 


EXF.RC1SE8    ON     THE 


In  whiit  direction  from  Hiulsnn's  hay  is  tiie  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence ?     (lulf  of  Mexico?     Gulf  of  California? 

In  what  direction  from  us  are  the  Bermudas  ?  Hayti?  New- 
foundland? Melville  island  ?  Vancouver's  island  ?  Isthmus 
of  Darien  ?    I!elirini;'s  strait  ? 

Which  is  farthest  North,  or  has  the  highest  latitude,  Cape 
Cod  or  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river  ? 

Cape  Farewell  or  Cape  Prince  of  Wales  ? 

Cape  Sable  or  Cape  St.  Lucas  ? 

Newfoundland  or  Vancouver's  island  ? 


From  what  meridian  is  the  longitude  reckoned  on  the  top  of 
the  map  ? 

Where  is  Greenwich  ?    See  20. 

From  what  meridian  is  the  longitude  reckoned  on  the  bottom 
of  the  map**! 

What  is  the  longitude  of  Washington  from  Greenwich  ? 

93  Tracp  to  the  m<Tidi!in  that  passes  thrmmli  Washington  to  the  top  of 
the  map  and  you  will  see  it  inarkeil  77.  Ilencn  you  will  perceive  that  tlio 
longitude  of  WashiiiKton  from  (Jreetiwich  is  77  degrcea  West.  If  you  add 
77  to  any  dearee  of  longilude  Kast  frni.i  (;rec!iiwich.  you  will  have  the 
longitude  from  Wasliiimton.  Por  iiiAince.  St.  Petersburg  in  30"  East 
from  Greenwich;  now  if  you  add  77  to  30  you  will  have  the  longitude 
Ea.n  from  Washington,  vi/..  107'^,  &c.  Suppose  the  longitude  w  West, 
what  then  1 

If  we  reckon  the  longitude  from  Washington  will  Montreal 
be  in  East  ov  West  lonpitude?  Cincinnati?  Boston?.  St. 
Louis?  Quebec?  Hartford?  New  Orleans  ?  Newr  York? 
Oregon  city?    This  place  ? 

Which  has  the  greatest  longitude,  or  .s  farthest  West,  Charles- 
ton or Ilavanna  ? 

St.  Louis  or  Mexico  ?  , 

Vera  Cru;  or  Santa  Fo  ? 

Cape  Sable  or  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ? 

What  is  the  extent  of  Noith  America  in  square  miles? 
What  is  the  probable  population  of  North  America  ? 
Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  does  North 
America  lie  ? 


'iitM^iS/rAJvi-^H^ii&il'J^l^aSieSit^ 


«4.  Nor 
60°  Ea««  0 
169°  Wen 


What  i 
How  n 
Does  a 
In  wha 
What  i 
Whoii 

Whatc 

Whatc 

Whati 

Whato 

Whati 

65.  Wat 

Columbia,  < 

courK  of  tl 

chief  otncc 

year,  on  tl 

In  wha 

In  wha 
run  ?  N.  1 

Where 
on  the  At 

What  i 

Whate 
ica  ?  w.  li 

Whate 
these  laki 
and  M.  N 

Whati 

Whatf 


ri^~j,a*^^^S*^5t^" : 


G 

the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rnia  ? 

ludas  ?    Hayti  ?   Ncw- 
L-r's  ialandr    Isthmus 

lighest  latitude,  Cape 


f 
reckoned  on  the  top  of 


eckoned  on  the  bottom 

rem  Greenwich  ? 

I  Washington  to  the  top  of 
\  you  will  perceive  that  tho 
ilegrcea  West.  If  you  add 
uwicli.  you  will  have  the 
.  Petersburg  is  30''  East 
1  will  have  tlie  longitude 
isu  the  longitude  i«  West, 

hington  will  Montreal 
innati  ?  Boston  .'  .  St. 
)rlean9.'      New  York.' 

farthest  West,  Charles- 


MAP   OF   THE  UNITED    STATES. 


33 


in  square  miles  ? 
srth  America .' 
longitude  does  North 


fi4.  North  America  lies  between  8  and  80°  North  latitude,  and  between 
60°  Kas*  and  92°  West  longitude,  from  Washington,  or  between  170  and 
169°  West  longitude  from  Greenwich. 


MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
What  is  the  name  of  this  state  .' 
How  many  states  border  on  this  ? 
Does  any  part  of  this  state  border  on  the  sea  or  ocean  ? 
In  what  direction  is  this  state  longest  ? 
What  is  the  capital  of  this  state  .' 
Who  is  the  governor  of  this  state  .' 


What  division  bounds  the  United  States  on  the  North  .'  b.-a. 

What  ocean  East  of  the  United  States  .'  A. 

What  gulf  and  division  on  the  South  .'  g.  of  m.  and  m. 

What  ocean  West  of  the  United  States'  territory  .'  p. 

What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  .»  w. 

65.  Washington,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  in  the  District  of 
Columbia,  on  the  East  side  of  the  Potomac,  300  miles  from  the  ocean,  by  the 
course  of  the  river  and  bay.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  President  and  other 
chief  officers  of  the  (JenerJ  Government.  Congress  meets  here  every 
year,  on  the  first  Monday  of  December,  to  enact  laws  for  the  nation. 


In  what  direction  are  the  United  States  longest  ?  ' 

In  what  direction  does  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  United  States 
run  .'  N.  E.  and  s.  w.    The  Pacific  coast .'  n.  and  g. 

Where  has  the  United  States  the  greatest  extent  of  sea-coast, 
on  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  or  Gulf  of  Mexico .' 

What  is  a  coast .'    What  is  land  bordering  on  a  river  called  ? 


What  six  lakes  between  the  United  States  and  British  Amer- 
ica .'  w.  8.  H.  st.-c.  E.  and  o. 

What  eight  states  and  three  territories  are  bounded  North  by 
these  lakes  and  British  America  ?  m.  n-h.  v.  n-y.  p.  o.  m.  w. 
and  M.  N.  and  o.     What  territory  borders  on  the  Pacific  .'  o. 

What  fourteen  states  border  on  the  Atlantic  .' 

What  five  states  border  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  i  r.  a.  m.  u  t. 
4* 


s,ij^K«S*^?SS5?5;- 


34 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


Which  of  the  United  States  extends  farthest  North  .'  m. 

Which  extends  farthest  Soi.ith  ?  r.  .  -  ; 

Which  extends  fartlicst  East  ?  m. 

Which  extends  farthest  West?  T. 

Wliat  four  sUtes   lie  wholly  West  of  the  Mississippi  river  ? 

T.  A.  M.  I. 

What  state  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  ?  l. 
What  five  states  border  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mississippi 
river  .'  m.  t.  k.  i.  w. 

What  two  states  touch  both  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  river  > 

What  two  states  touch  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers .' 

M.   I. 

What  state  touchej  tho  Ohio  and  the  Atlantic  ?  v. 

What  state  border'?  -i  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  r. 

What  state  bordars  o.  lake  Erie  and  the  Atlantic? 

What  state  borders  en  tive  lakes  ? 

Which  state  appeals. longest  from  East  to  West?  ^ 

What  are  the  names  of  the  four  territories  ? 

Indian,  Minnisota,  Nebraska  and  Oregon. 

Which  territory  extends  farthest  East  ?  m. 

Which  extends  farthest  South  ?  i. 

Which  extends  farthest  West  ?  o. 

In  ,vhat  territory  does  the  Mississippi  rise  ?  m. 

,  n.  ivhat  territory  does  the  Missouri  rise  ?  n. 

How^  many  states  are  there  ?    Hov/  many  territories  ? 

What  four  states  border  on  lake  Erie  ."  n-v.  p.  o.  m. 

What  four  border  on  lako  Michigan?  m.  w.  i.  i. 

On  what  lakes,  rivers,  sound  and  ocean  does  New  York  bor- 
der ?  E.  o.  and  c— N.  st.-i,.  and  h. — l.-i-s.  and  a.  o. 

68.  Long  Island  forms  a  part  of  the  state  of  New  York.  The  North  river,  or 
Hudson,  before  it  reaches  the  Atlantic  separates  New  York  from  New 
'    Jersey. 

Which  extends  farthest  North,  Maine  or  New  Hampshire  ? 
New  Hampshire  or  Vermont  ? 


Vermo 
New  V 
Connc( 
Which 
Louisia 
North  ' 
Virgin! 
Maryla 
Which 
Illinois 
Ohio  or 
Virgin! 
New  Hi 

Which 
FromC 
From  \ 
From  P 
From  ^ 
From  I< 
From  W 
From  V 
From  W 
From  S( 
FromT 

Througl 
line  from 
From  01 
From  F 
From  M 
FromN 
From  T 


*  In  answe 
ttomtbacen, 


■^h.-««(«»*M*  *UW»**< . 


^J^^fff^^y 


lest  North  ?  m. 


le  Mississippi  river ! 

aissippi  ?  i.. 

dc  of  the  Mississippi 

nd  Mississippi  river  ? 

and  Missouri  rivers  ? 

tlantic?  V. 

Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  r. 

i  Atlantic  ? 

;o  West  ?  , 

i.s? 

M. 


■ise  ?  M. 

?    N. 

ly  territories  ? 

N-V.  V.  0.  M. 

[.  w.  1.  I. 

1  does  New  York  bor- 
8.  and  A.  o. 
Vork.  The  North  river,  or 
C9  New  York  from  New 

or  New  Hampshire  i 


MAP  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.         t| 

Vermont  or  New  York  ?  . 

New  YorkorMichij^an? 

Conncctir\it  or  Ohio  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  South,  Florida  or  Texas  ? 

Louisiana  or  Georgia  ? 

North  Carolina  or  Arkansas .' 

Virginia  or  Missouri .' 

Maryland  or  Indiana  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  East, Texas  or  Iowa  ? 

Illinois  or  Mississippi? 

Ohio  or  Georgia  ? 

Virginia  or  Pennsylvania? 

New  Hampshire  or  Rhode  Island  ? 

Which  way  is  it  from  Maine  to  Connecticut  ?• 

From  Connecticut  to  Vermont  ?  ^ 

From  Vermont  to  Pennsylvania  ? 

From  Pennsylvania  to  Michigan  ?  »     ■   . 

From  Michigan  to  Iowa? 

From  Iowa  to  Massachusetts  ?  .  '     '^'^ 

From  Massachusetts  to  Virginia  ?  '  '•    •     „ 

From  Virginia  to  Missouri  ?  ,     ," 

From  Missouri  to  South  Carolina  ?  '  ^  ,♦  • 

From  South  Carolina  to  Texas  ?  '^      , 

From  Texas  to  Miine  ?  '  ' 

Through  what  states  would  you  pass  in  travelling  in  a  straight 
line  from  Maine  to  Ohio  ? 
From  Ohio  to  Florida  ?  >'      '  "  •'. '     • 

From  Florida  to  Missouri?  •  ■-  ^  '     ' 

From  Missouri  to  New  Jersey? 

From  New  Jersey  to  Texas  ?  ,'       V  {  '  '^ 

From  Texas  to  Maine  ? 


*  In  answering  these  quesUons,  the  learner  will  give  the  direction  or  way 
from  the  centre  of  mm  stxte  to  the  cenirt  of  the  otlier. 


».*rt4.?«S!^*WS*i^-  Sii 


36 


EXERCISES    OM    THB 


Through  what  states  would  you  pass  in  travelling  on  the 
coast  from  Mexico  to  New  Brunswick. 

What  mountains  extend  through  the  western  part  of  the 
United  States  ?  r. 

What  mountains  extend  through  the  eastern  part  of  the  Uni- 
ted Stages  ?  A. 

07.  The  Allt'ifhanv  mountains  extend  from  Alabama  to  the  rtateof  New 
York.  Their  course  i.s  nearly  parallel  with  the  Atlam-c.  varying  from  M  to 
130  miles  from  it.  They  connint  of  Bevera;pataUel  ritlgeo,  called  «•"»'"* 
ridge,  Cumlmrland  mnuntiin,  laurel  mountain  in  Pennsylvania  and  Vir- 
ginia, and  Caatskill  mountain  in  New  York. 

Into  liow  many  great  natural  sections  or  divisions  do  the 
Rocky  and  Alleghany  m'.untains  divide  the  territory  of  the 
United  States  ?     Into  three  sections, 

68  1st  The  Atl.intip  Slopk,  which  extends  from  the  Alleghany  moun- 
tains to  the  Atlantic.  2d.  Thk  Mississippi  Valliv.  which  lies  between 
the  Alleghany  and  Rocky  moiintains,  watered  by  the  Mississippi  and  its  nu- 
merous branches.  3d.  Thk  Pacific  Slope  which  comprises  the  region  be- 
tween the  Rocky  mountains  and  the  Pacific  ocean.  Hence  it  wiU  be  seen 
that  the  general  feature  of  the  country,  is  that  of  an  Immense  plain,  travers- 
ed or  crossed  by  two  great  chains  of  mountains. 

Into  what  ocean  do  the  rivers  that  ri=.e  on  the  eastern  side  of 
the  Alleghany  mountains,  or  in  the  Atlantic  slope,  empty  ?  A. 

Into  what  ocean  do  the  rivers  that  rise  on  the  western  side  of 
the  Rocky  mountains,  or  in  the  Pacific  slope,  empty  ?  p. 

Into  what  gulf  do  the  rivers  between  the  Alleghany  and 
Rocky  mountains,  or  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  empty  i  m. 

What  is  the  general  course  of  the  rivers  in  the  Atlantic  slope  ? 

8.  E.  - 

What  is  the  general  course  of  the  rivers  in  the  Pacific  slope? 

w.  .... 

What  is  the  general  course  of  the  rivers  in  the  Mississippi 
valley  ?  The  general  course  of  those  West  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  is  south-east ;  the  course  of  those  East  of  the  Mississippi 
is  generally  south-west. 

What  large  river  in  Oregon  empties  into  the  Pacific  ?  c. 


What  1 
c.  I.,  w. 
W  tiat  I 

H.-G. 

What  i 
the  Gulf 

Whatt 
r.ouisian! 

Where 

What 
a  souther 

Which 
sippi .'     1 

Which 

p.    K.    O. 

What  h 
The  T 

The  Mobi 
What  t' 
What  li 
What  is 
What  ri 

(Jeorgia  ? 
What  t\ 
What  ti 
What  a 

empty  inti 
What  r 

Maryland 
09.  The  ! 

n-an  into  Al 

What  tv 
What  ri 

Indiana  an 
What  tv 

form  the  C 


)  travelling  on  tbe 


western  part  of  the 

ern  part  of  the  Uni- 

ima  to  the  rtate  of  New 
m-c.  varying  from  50  to 
>\  ridgec,  called  the  Blue 
Pennsylvania  and  Vir- 

or  divisions  do  the 
the  territory  of  the 


om  the  Alleghany  moun- 
,EY.  which  lies  between 
ic  MlmiMippi  and  iti  nu- 
compriseg  the  region  be- 
.  Hence  it  will  be  wen 
n  lmmen»e  plain,  tr»vei»- 

n  the  eastern  side  of 
ic  slope,  empty  ?  A. 
)n  the  western  side  of 
)pe,  empty  ?  p. 
n  the  Alleghany  and 
illey,  empty  i  m. 

in  the  Atlantic  slope  ? 

I  in  the  Pacific  slope  i 

rs  in  the  Mississippi 
3St  of  the  Mississippi 
Sast  of  the  Mississippi 


to  the  Pacific  ?  c. 


MAP    OF    THE    INITED    STATES. 


fVf 


What  are  the  three  principal  branches  of  the  Columbia  river  ' 

C.  L.  W. 

Mtiat  river  forms  tlie  boundary  between  Texis  and  Mexico  ? 

B.-G. 

What  are  tlie  four  prin.ip;,!  rivers  in  Texas  that  emptv  into 
the  Oiiif  of  Mexico?  v.  c.  a.  v. 

What  liver  forms  most  of  the  boundary  between  Texas  and 
F.ouisiana  ?  fi. 

Where  does  the  Siibi  lie  empty  ? 

What  large  river  rises  in  Itasca  lake  in  Minnisota,  and  runs 
a  southerly  course  into  the  Gulf  of  iMexico  r     m. 

Which  are  the  three  largest  western  branches  of  the  Missis- 
sippi ?     M.  A.  R. 

Which  are  the  four  principal  branches  of  the  Missouri  ?    y. 

p.    K.    O. 

What  boundary  does  the  Pearl  form  .'    Between  i..  and  m. 

Tbe  Tombigby  and  Alabama  rivers  unite  and  form  what  ? 
The  Mobile  river,  which  empties  into  Mobile  Bay. 

What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Apalachicola  ?  ' ' 

What  large  river  in  Florida  empties  into  the  Atlantic  ? 

What  is  the  course  of  the  St.  Johns .' 

What  river  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Florida  and 
(Jeorgia?    st.-M. 

What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Alatamaha?    o.  o. 

What  two  States  does  the  Savannah  separate .' 

What  are  the  two  principal  rivers  in  South  Carolina  that 
empty  into  the  Atlantic  ?    s.  and  g.-p. 

What  rivers  can  you  mention  between  South  Carolina  and 
Maryland .'    c.  f.  n.  r.  c.  j.  y.  r.  p. 

"";  J'^l^"'"'^  "'"''^'0^  '"to  Pamlico  Sound,  and  the  Hoanoke  and  Cho- 
BTin  into  Albemarle  Sound, 

What  two  States  does  the  Potomac  sepnrate .'    v.  m. 
What  river  separates  Virginia  and  Kentucky  from  Illinois, 
Indiana  and  Ohio .' 

What  two  rivers  unite  at  Pittsburgh  in  Pennsylvania  and 
form  the  Ohio .'    a.  m. 


Ve  EXERCISES   ON    THE 

What  river  rises  in  New  York  and  rurs  through  the  central 
part  of  Pennsylvania  into  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay  ?     s. 

70.  The  body  of  water  in  tlie  eastern  part  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  in 
called  rhesapeake  Hay.  The  body  of  water  between  Delaw^are  and  New 
Jersey  is  Delaware  Bay. 

What  river  separates  Pennsylvania  from  New  York  and  New 
Jersey,  and  empties  into  Delaware  Bay .'     d. 

What  river  in  the  eastern  part  of  New  York  ?     n. 

71.  This  river  is  sometimes  called  the  North  River,  and  eometiine»  the 
Hudson. 

What  river  separates  Vermont  from  New  Hampshire,  and 
passes  through  Mas.sachusett8  and  Connecticut  into  Long  Island 
Sound .'    c. 

72.  The  body  of  water  between  Long  Island  and  Connecticut,  ii  caDed 
Long  Island  Sound. 

What  are  tlie  three  principal  rivers  in  Maine  .'    a.  k.  r. 

What  river  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Maine,  and  passea 
through  New  Brunswick  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy  ?    st.-J. 

What  river  flows  from  Lake  Ontario  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence ? 

What  river  forms  most  of  the  boundary  between  Canada  East 
and  Canada  West .'    o. 

Which  of  the  lakes  between  the  United  States  and  British 
America  is  largest  ?    s.    Which  is  smallest  ?    rt.-c. 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  ?    o.     Which  most  western  ?    w. 
How  many  of  these  lakes  are  longest  from  East  to  West  ?    s. 

E.  o. 
What  two  lakes  lie  wholly  in  the  United  States  ?    m.  c. 
With  what  is  Lake  Champlain  connected.'    »t.-L.  by  s.  «. 
What  four  lakes  arc  longest  from  North  to  South  ?    w.  M. 

H.  C. 

What  five  lakes  border  on  Michigan,    s,  h.  c.  e.  h. 
What  three  lakes  border  on  New  York,     e,  o.  c. 
Which  of  the  lakes  do  you  think  is  highest  above  the  level  of 
the  ocean  .'    Why  is  Lake  Superior  highest .' 

73.  The  great  chain  of  lakes  bolwoen  the  United  States  and  BritUh 


^-^^^^^iiaaMrf.^.Vtvi«Ma^ii<ift&igj^aBSyit^. ' 


_^^||g 


v.tsrtrt^^*'*^**' 


I  through  the  central 

sapeake  Bay  ?     s. 

^'irginia  and  Maryland  in 
ween  Delaware  and  New 

I  New  York  and  New 

D. 

York  ?    N. 

Kiver,  and  Eometimea  Ibe 

New  Hampshire,  and 
ticut  into  Long  Island 

and  Connecticut,  ii  caDed 

Maine  ?    a.  k.  p. 
of  Maine,  and  passea 
Fundy  ?    st.-J. 
to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 

I  between  Canada  East 


ted  States  and  British 
lest  ?    »t.-c. 
ch  most  western  ?    w. 
from  East  to  West .'    ». 

ted  States  ?    m.  c. 
;ted  ?    »t.-L.  by  s.  n. 
)rth  to  South  ?    w.  m. 

8.    H.   c.    E.    M. 

k.     E,  o.  c. 
ghcst  above  the  level  of 
liest  ? 
United  States  and  Britlili 


MAP    OP   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


39 


;l.»n  1?.  ""'""Jjargo  their  waters  by  tlie  river  St.  Lawrence  into  the 
ocean  The  eurfece  of  I^ke  Superior  is  G41  feet  atove  the  level  of  the 
Atlantic.  It  abounds  with  Hsh,  particularly  trout,  weighing  from  13  to  50 
pou,.d,;  white  fish,  weighing  often  more  than   -20  pounds;  sturgeon    &c 

™^;  Jm  ,"'  "?^"'  ^' ''"'  "''■■''""'  '"  '"g*-'  'luantities.  Its  waters  are  re- 
markably clear  and  transparent.  It  receives  more  than  30  rivers,  and  dis- 
charges its  waters  into  Lake  Huron  by  St.  Mary's  river,  or  strait.  There 
ZJT^f  °'  ?"f  '"„"""  ''"'"■  "'''"^''  '"«^'-"'  ^''«»«l-  f'^m  passing  into 
sTn  Z»  T  ^^"f  "Tk"-    '^'"-'  '''""""'  R™'*'  ""  •'•'«  """ihcastem  »hore 

SL*Lf wainoH^t  hilh.^^  """'  ''  "-"^^ '"  '^"«"''  -''  ^-"  "  "-"- 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior  pass  to  reach 
the  ocean .' 

cJf;  ^"Ir^",*  o^'"  ^^VK'  "J"""'  ^'•^  "'"•""•  ^'"^  ^'-  Clair,  Uke  St. 
J?i,;.^l  /r.';  ^"^  "=""•  ^'"B""  «'''"•  Lake  Ontario,  Uiver  St. 
Lawrence,  and  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  Fo.x  river  pass  to  reach  the 
ocean  ? 

nlL'^i^.T'J'Z  ^^  "f  water  which  connects  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake 
Huron,  JR  called  the  Strait  of  Mackinaw. 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  the  Alleghany  river  pass  to 
reach  the  ocean .' 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  St.  Louis  river  pass  to 
reach  the  ocean  ? 

How  many  feet  must  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior  descend  to 
reach  the  ocean  .'     Why  641  feet .' 
Which  appears  to  be  highest,  Lake  Eric  or  Lake  Ontario  ? 

SS^f .p?»lo'lI""f/  "*"  ^^'-  ^"^  "  ^^*  '■"='  '"'B'"-'''  ""'"  '^''e  Ontario,  and 
SB5  feet  above  tide  water  in  the  Hudson  or  North  River  at  Albany. 

Is  New  Hamps.ure  separated  from  Vermont  by  a  natural  or 
artificial  boundary  ?    22. 

A  II;..Hli^''™"'.r'''  '"''*•  ""*'•  "'  """""tain,  is  called  a  natural  boundary. 
A  dotted  line  on  the  map  is  called  an  artificial  boundary. 

Is  New  Jersey  separated  from  Pennsylvania  by  a  natural  or 
artificial  boundary .' 

Pennsylvania  from  Ohio  .'  Ohio  from  Indiana .'  Indiana  from 
Illinois?  Illinois  from  Missouri.'  Missouri  from  Arkansas? 
Arkansas  from  Mississippi  ? 

What  three  capes  east  of  MassachusetU  ?    a.  c.  m. 
What  ia  the  eastern  point  of  Long  Island  called  ?    Montauk 
Point. 


„,,«.«^»,w«sT»"-»""**r-' 


40 


EXERCISES    ON   THE 


What  cape  or  hook  east  of  New  Jersey  ?    s. 

What  two  capes  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware  Bay  ?    m.  h. 

Wliat  two  capes  at  the  entrance  of  Chesapeake  Bay?    c.  h. 

What  three  capes  East  of  North  Carolina  >     h.  l.  and  Fear. 

Wliat  cape  south  of  Kloriila  ?     p. 

What  cape  on  the  western  coast  of  Florida  !     R. 

What  two  islands  southeast  of  MassachusctU  ?  Nantucket 
and  Martha's  ViuLvard. 

What  larite  island  south  of  Connect  icut  ? 

What  mountains  in  Virginia  ? 

What  mounljiiis  l)ctwccn  Kentucky  and  Virginia? 

What  mountains  in  Missouri  ? 

■What  toountains  extend  throutjli  the  western  part  of  Texas? 

What  moiHitains  separate  Nebraska  territory  from  Oregon? 

To  what  doKrce  of  North  latitude  docs  the  southern  point  of 
Florida  extend  ? 

Through  what  States  does  the  noth  parallel  of  North  latitude 
pass?    ThcHotli?    TheJoth?    The  ir.th  ? 

In  what  zone  are  tlie  United  States  ? 

Which  is  the  laruest  State  ? 

How  many  scjuare  miles  has  Texas  ? 

Wliat  is  the  next  largest  state  ?     Population  uf  Virginia  ? 

What  is  the  extent  of  Michigan  in  square  miles  ?  Missouri  ? 
Georgia?  Arkansas?  Wisconsin?  Iowa?  Illinois?  Ala- 
bama? , 

Which  is  the  smallest  State  ?    How  many  square  miles  has 

Ri\ode  Island  ? 

What  is  t'.c  popuhti.m  <.f  Hl.ode  Island  ?  P.'lawarc  ?  Con- 
necticut ?    Massachusetts  ?  New  York  ?    Ohio? 

How  many  of  the  United  States  are  longer  from  East  to  West 
than  from  North  to  South  ? 


-/i*'t^^-*^«^'*^t^-'i>  t^^S.^JVl,i 


■^dBB" 


^are  Bay  ?    m.  h. 
ipeakeBay?    c.  h. 
I  ?     H.  L.  and  Fear. 

da  J     H. 

husctts .'    Nantucket 


Virginia  ? 

istern  part  of  Texas  ? 
itory  from  Oregon  ? 

;he  southern  point  of 
llel  of  North  latitude 


ilion  uf  Virginia .' 
re  miles?    Missouri? 
va  ?     Illinois  ?     Ala- 

any  square  miles  has 


1 ;     Pi'Uwviuc  ?    Con- 
Ohio  ? 

ger  from  East  to  West 


MAP    OP    SOUTH    AMERICA. 


4ft 


Which  State  has  the  largest  extent  of  sea-coast  ? 
How  many  States  have  any  sea-coast  ? 
Have  all  the  States  access  to  the  ocean  by  means  of  naviga- 
ble rivers  ? 

What  city  In  the  United  States  has  the  longest  line  of  com- 
munication with  the  interior  of  the  country  by  means  of  naviga- 
ble rivers  ?    New  Orleans. 

78.  By  means  of  the  Missisaippi  anil  its  ntimeroiis  branches,  New  Or- 
leans has  about  twenty  tliousami  miles  of  steamboat  navigation. 


MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  South  Amnrica  ?  ' ,' 

In  which  hemisphere  is  South  America  ?  ,    . . ; 

In  which  part  of  the  western  hemisphere  ?  " 

With  what  grand  division  is  South  America  connected  ? 
What  isthmus  connects  North  and  South  America  ? 
In  what  direction  is  South  America  longest  ? 
Does  South  America  lie  in  North  or  South  latitude  ?    Why  in 
both? 


What  sea  on  the  North  of  South  America  ? 
What  ocean  on  the  East  of  it  ?    a. 
What  strait  on  t;ie  South  ?    m. 
What  ocean  on  the  West  ?    p. 


c. 


Which  is  the  most  northern  division  of  South  America  ? 

Which  is  thu  most  eastern  division  ? 

Which  is  the  most  southern  division  ? 

Which  is  the  most  western  division  ?  '. .    i 

What  divisions  border  on  the  Carribbean  Sea  ? 

What  divisions  border  on  the  Atlantic  ?  /': 

What  divisions  border  on  the  Pacific  1 

Which  division  borders  both  on  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ? 

Which  division  borders  on  the  Pacific  and  Caribbean  Sea/ 

e  -. ,  ..  " 


■PHWWl'.i"--^ 


v'^Jitas«iai^(iAiCiSWiaiJM«»'^ 


43 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


m 


-Ill 


Which  division  has  the  greatest  extent  of  sea-coast .' 
Which  division  has  no  sea-coast  ? 
What  divisions  does  the  equator  cross  ? 
What  divisions  does  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  cross  ? 
What  divisions  border  on  New  Grenada  ?    e.  b.  v. 
What  divisions  border  on  Equador  ?     On  Peru  ? 
What  divisions  border  on  Bolivia  ?    On  Chili  ? 
What  divisions  border  on  Buenos  Ayres  ?    On  Brazil  1 
What  divisions  and  bodies  of  water  border  on  Patagonia? 
Which  is  the  largest  division  of  South  America  ?    b. 
Which  is  the  smallest  division  ?    p. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  South  America  ?   o. 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  cape  ?    st.  r. 

Which  is  the  most  southern  cape  ?    h. 

Which  is  the  most  western  cape  ?     b. 

Between  what  capes  is  South  America  longest  ?    g.  h. 

Between  what  capes  is  it  widest  1    st.-R.  b. 

What  island  on  the  coast  of  Venezuela  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Orinoco  ?    t. 

What  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  ?  J. 

What  two  islands  southeast  of  Patagonia  1    r. 

What  island  southeast  of  the  Falkland  islands  ?    ».  o. 

What  islands  South  of  Patagonia  1    t.  d.  f.* 

What  island  South  of  Chili  ?    c. 

What  islands  Wcs'  of  Chili  ' 

7!)   The  lar'">»t  of  thcie  islands,  Mas-a-tiena,  is  remarkable  for  iiaTinf 
teen  tlic  residence  of  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  Scottish  sailor,  who  passed  sev- 
eral years  alone  on  the  isliu.d,  and  whose  life  and  adventures  furnished  th« 
ground  work  of  thai  interesting  story  of  Robinson  Crusoe. 
What  islands  northwest  of  Chili  ?    st.-A.  and  st.-r. 

What  strait  separates  Tierra  Bel  Fuego  from  Patagonia  ?    m. 


'  Land  of  Fire."    These  islands  were  «o  named 


•  TIerm  Di'I  Fiiepomrans  "  Land  of  Fire."  These  isianas  were  """Kmeu 
froii  the  flrex  smi  alona  Ihelr  Hhoros  t.y  the  dlscoyorers,  who  suppojed 
Ih"'"  viVkaiiic.  Til-.'  inh;il,llaiits  arefrleiidly  and  |i».iicc:U.1p,  but  rudo  aiid  Igno- 
rant, like  tho  ImUuo  tribes  uf  Pnta^onla. 


rW  llvi.  by  llsUlua. 


What  I 
to  the  ist 
Throui 
Which 
Where 

80.  The 
by  dividinf 
five  miles 

Where 

What! 

What  I 

Mts.' 

What  I 

Whatt 

81.  Cot( 
lg,S08  feel 
Andes — pr 
covering  o 
the  sun  wii 
of  its  erupt 
ler,  and  iti 
feet  high. 
its  sides,  is 
neither  smi 

Into  wl 

Which 
at  its  moi 
In  wha 
and  A. 
Which 
Whatt 
Which 
In  wha 
Whatr 
What  r 
What  r 
Betwee 
Whatr 


w 


i^^_^Jb 


5■--■■■ 

of  sea-coast  ? 


icorn  cross  ? 

?      E.    B.   V. 

ti  Peru  ? 
Chili  ? 

,  ?    On  Brazil  1 
3er  on  Patagonia  f 
America  ?    b. 


uth  America  ?  o. 

R. 


longest  ?    Q.  H. 

-R.    B. 

near  the  mouth  of  the 

on  ?  3. 
iai  F. 
islands  ?    >.  o. 

D.    F.* 


a.  18  remarkable  Tor  bavinf 
lish  sailor,  who  passed  sev- 
nd  adventures  furnished  tiM 
m  Crusoe. 

..  and  et.-F. 


;o  from  Patagonia  ?    m. 


'heae  islands  wore  so  named 
discoverers,  who  suppoied 
IK'iiucalilo.  but  rudo  and  tgno- 
vo  by  llsklu^j. 


MAP   OF   SOUTH  AMERICA. 


48 


What  mountains  extend  from  the  straits  of  Tierra  Del  Fuego 
to  the  isthmus  of  Darien  t 
Through  which  part  of  South  America  do  the  Andes  extend  } 
Which  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Andes  >    a. 
Where,  and  how  many  feet  high,  is  Mount  Sorata  ? 

80.  The  learner  will  remember  there  are  5,280  feet  in  a  mile :  and  hence 
by  dividing  25,380  feet  by  5,280,  he  will  see  that  Mount  Sorata  is  nearly 
Ave  miles  high. 

Where  is  Mt.  Chimborazo  1     It  is  21, 240  feet  high. 
What  mountains  in  the  western  part  of  Brazil  ?    g. 
What  mountains  in  the  eastern  part  of  Brazil .'    Prazillian 
Mts.' 
What  mountains  separate  Guiana  from  Brazil  1    a. 
What  two  volcanoes  in  Equador  .'    c.  p.  13. 

81.  Cotopaxi  is  one  of  the  most  tremendous  volcanoes  in  the  world.  ,It  is 
18,508  feet  high,  and  is  the  most  beautiful  of  nil  the  colossal  summits  of  the 
Andes — presenting  the  form  of  a  regular  and  smooth  cone,  wrapped  in  a 
covering  of  snow  and  ice  of  the  purest  while,  which  shines  in  the  rays  of 
the  sun  with  dazzling  splendor.  It  is  in  a  constant  state  of  activity.  Many 
of  iU  eruptions  have  been  terrible,  the  flames  rising  3000  feet  above  the  cra- 
ter, and  its  roarings  heard  000  miles.  I'inchinca,  or  Picliincha,  is  15,000 
feet  high.  It  was  formerly  a  volcano ;  but  the  mouth  or  crater,  on  one  of 
its  sides,  is  now  covered  with  sand  or  calcined  matter,  so  that  at  present, 
neither  smoke  nor  aslies  issue  from  it. 

Into  what  do  the  rivers  of  .South  America  principally  empty  .> 

Which  is  the  largest  river.'  The  Amazon  is  l.'iu  miles  wide 
at  its  mouth. 

In  what  division  and  mountains  does  the  Amazon  rise  ?  p. 
and  A. 

Which  is  next  in  size  to  the  Amazon  .'    d.  l.  p.  , . 

What  two  rivers  form  the  Rio  De  La  Plata  i     p.  u. 

Which  is  next  in  size  to  the  Rio  Do  La  Plata  1    o. 

In  what  division  is  the  Orinoco  .'     v. 

What  river  empties  into  the  Caribbean  sea  ?    m. 

What  river  empties  into  the  Magdalena .'    c. 

What  river  in  the  eastern  part  of  Brazil  !    s.  r.      .' 

Between  what  two  rivers  is  Paragu.iy  1    p.  p. 

What  river  Irora  Bolivia  puiptius  into  the  Paraguay  ?    p. 


#■■ 


,jm^iiii^m^*iis»!^itit^'^ 


44 


SXBRCl^ES   ON    THE 


What  gulf  in  the  northwestern  part  of  New  Grenada  ?    d. 
What  gulf  South  of  the  istliinus  of  Darien  ?    p. 
What  gulf  northwest  of  Peru  1     g. 
What  gulf  Ease  of  Patagonia  ■?     s.  a. 
What  gulf  West  of  Patagonia  ?    c. 

What  bay  in  the  eastern  part  of  Brazil  ?    a.  s. 
What  bay  in  the  southern  part  of  Buenos  Ayres  7 
^V'llat  bay  East  of  Patagonia  ?     st.  g. 

What  lake  in  the  northern  part  of  Venezuela  ?    m. 
What  lake  in  the  southern  part  of  Brazil  1 
What  lake  in  Buenos  Ayres  :     ». 
What  lake  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Peru  ?    T. 

82.  Titicacn  is  tlic  largest  lake  in  Couth  America.  It  is  about  250  miles 
In  circuit  ami  400  fet-t  di'i'p.  .  Thu  \vat»!r  thnugli  neither  wilt  nor  brackish, 
is  muddy  and  nauseous  to  the  taste.  To  the  reruvian  Indians,  this  lake  is 
a  sacred  object ;  since,  according  to  their  most  sacred  traditions,  it  was  on 
an  island  in  its  centre,  that  Manco  fajiac  anil  Mama  Oella,  his  wife,  the 
founder  of  the  great  Peruvian  enipira,  first  apiieared  to  give  laws  and  arts 
to  the  inhabitants,  lie  declared  himself  and  wife  to  be  children  of  the  sun, 
sent  down  to  civilize  and  instruct  them.  Manco  taught  the  men  agricul- 
ture and  other  useful  arts,  w hilst  his  wife  instructed  Hit  nomen  to  spin  and 
weave.  He  ordend  sacrifices  to  be  otiered  to  the  sun,  as  the  l)cnefhctot 
of  men.  Probably,  he  and  his  wife  came  from  some  civilized  country,  and 
cniploye<l  religion  to  procure  nn  ascendency  over  tli(^  Indians,  and  by  this 
means  he  was  enabled  to  form  a  regular  government.  In  1043,  Manco 
founded  the  city  of  Tuzco,  which  continued  the  captal  of  the  empire  until 
its  conquest  by  Uie  Ppaniards  under  IMzarro,  in  l.'i34.  The  history  of  Peru, 
under  the  Incas,  or  Emperors,  ia  exceedingly  interesting  and  instrucUve. 

In  what  parts  of  Brazil  are  there  extensive  plains  ? 

In  what  part  of  Buenos  Ayres  are  there  plains  ? 

83  These  plains,  called  pampas,  are  very  extensive,  stretching  from  the 
Atlantic  to  Hie  Audi's.  They  are  destitute  of  trees  and  covered  with  high 
grass,  like-  the  prairies  in  our  western  States.  Numerous  herds  of  cattk, 
horses,  and  other  aniiiiiils.  range  over  them.  The  (iuacos,  or  inhabitanU 
of  the  iiampas,  live  mostly  on  horseback,  ami  catch  these  animals  by  skill- 
fully throwing  around  the  neck,  or  legs,  a  lasso,  or  leather  rope. 

Wiiat  mines  in  the  eastern  part  of  Brazil .'    o. 

What  region  nortlieast  of  these  gold  mines.' 

What  mines  in  Bolivia  •>    Near  what  city  are  they  ?   p. 


34.  The 
accidentall 
Huaka.  ( 
been  coine 
amount  of 

In  wha 

of  the  Tn 

In  wha 

Capricon 

What  d 

temperati 

What  d 

Whatd 

Is  the  r 

Why  > 

Is  the  t 

Why.' 

Whatgi 

85.  The 
lantic  to  tbi 
comprising ; 

Which 
em  or  the 
central .' 

Which 
Paraguay 
V^hy.'  "3, 

What  is 
Ouiana  ? 
maribo  of 
Equador } 
Buenos  A; 
Brazil  ?  r 

What  d( 

86.  The  li 
walking  abri 
which  ia  wr 


i^ 


-,-'-rj.'3S»,f«u;y*!ift»»jij 


"1W(W^*^ 


evv  Grenada  ?    d. 

lU  ?     P. 


A.  s. 

)3  Ay  res  7 


zucla  ?    M. 
I! 


'eru  I 


T. 


ca.  It  is  about  250  miles 
neither  wilt  nor  brarkisli, 
iivian  IndianH,  this  lake  is 
icred  traditions,  it  was  on 
lania  Oella,  his  wife,  the 
ircd  to  give  law«  and  arts 
to  be  ciiildren  of  the  sun, 
1  taught  the  men  agricul- 
ted  lilt  women  to  spin  and 
e  sun,  as  the  bcnefiictor 
)mo  civili/.ed  country,  and 
:r  th(^  Indians,  and  by  this 
nment.  In  1043,  Manco 
^aptal  of  the  empire  until 
"i34.  The  history  of  Peru, 
iresting  and  instructive. 

sive  plains  ? 
:  plains  ? 

■nsivp,  stretching  (Vom  the 
cpR  and  covered  with  high 
iumerous  herds  of  cattl";, 
le  liuncos,  or  inhabitanU 
ch  tlii'se  animals  by  skill- 
r  leather  rope. 

il.'     G. 

ines? 

ity  are  they  ?   p. 


MAP    OP    BOUTH    AMERICA. 


45 


84.  The  silver  mines  of  Potosi,  so  celebrated  throughout  the  world,  were 
accidentally  discovered  by  a  Peruviim  Indian,  in  154.5,  named  llualpa,  or 
Hualca.  Since  their  discovery,  accordii.'j  to  the  best  estimates,  there  have 
been  coined  more  Uian  a,000,000,000  of  dollars  of  sUver,  besides  a  large 
amount  of  gold. 


In  what  zone  is  that  part  of  South  America  which  lies  North 
of  the  Tropic  of  Capricon  ■? 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  which  lies  South  of  the  Tropic  of 
Capricon .' 

What  divisions  lie  partly  in  the  torrid  and  partly  in  the  South 
temperate  zone  1 

What  divisions  lie  wholly  in  the  torrid  zone? 

What  divisions  lie  wholly  in  the  South  temperate  zone  ■? 

Is  the  northern  or  southern  part  of  South  America  warmest ' 

Why.'    30, 

Is  the  northern  or  southern  part  of  North  America  warmest ' 
Why.'    .32. 


What  fjreat  valley  in  the  northern  part  of  Brazil  1    20. 

85.  The  Valley  of  the  Amazon  is  of  great  extent,  reaching  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Andes,  and  aliout  1700  miles  in  breadth  from  North  to  South, 
comprising  an  area  of  about  two  million  square  miles. 

Which  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Ama'on  is  lowest,  the  east- 
ern or  the  western  part  1  The  northern  and  southern,  or  the 
central .'    Why  >  3. 

Which  country  do  you  think  is  most  elevated,  or  highest. 
Paraguay  or  Uraguay  .'  Why?  3.  Bolivia  or  Buenos  Ayresl 
V^hy.'    3. 

What  is  the  capital  of  New  Grenada  .'  b.  Of  Venezuela  ?  c.  Of 
Guiana?  George,fown  is  the  capital  of  English  Guiana,  Para- 
maribo of  Dutch  G  liana,  and  Cayenne  of  French  Guiana.  Of 
Equador?«i.  Of  Peru  ?  l.  Of  Bolivia?  c.  Of  Chili  ?g.  Of 
Buenoi  Ayres  ?  b.  Of  Paraguay  ?  a.  Of  Uruguay  >  m.  v.  Of 
Brazil  ?  r.  j.    Of  Patagonia  ?    Why  no  capital  in  Patagonia  ? 

What  does  the  picture  on  the  top  of  the  map  represent  ? 

86.  The  ladiei  of  Lima  are  celebrated  for  their  vivacity  and  beauty  In 
walking  abroad  they  wear  a  manto,  a  large  loose  cloak  of  black  silk  gauze 
which  is  wrapped  round  even  the  fiice.    Dnder  this  disgui«e  they  amuse' 


■•-*i*£*ii*sjs:s:i4*5Bjj5fes»«:»E!«s  i*#- 


.JK**?*^*! 


46 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


thctiwolvea  hy  minRliiiR  witli  ilin  crowds  in  the  siroete,  to  see  whatever  la 
going  on,  and  by  adilrcssing  tliiiir  t'rii.'nd»  without  bcin?  Itnown  by  them. 

What  does  the  next  picture  represent .' 

What  does  the  third  picture  represent  ? 

Have  you  ever  seen  any  of  these  animal  ? 

What  does  the  fourth  picture  represent  ? 

What  does  the  picture  on  the  bottom  of  the  map  represent .' 

87.  The  Patngoniana  nri!  of  !argc  size,  bravo,  and  excellent  hoisenien. 
They  consiHt  of  a  nil  nhcr  of  Indian  trilxw.  and  wander  from  tlw  straits  of  Ma- 
gellan to  the  paniiuis  in  Bnunos  .Vyns.  They  are  often  engaged  in  war  with 
the  Spaniards,  and  are  formidable  by  their  ooiirage  and  numbers.  The 
(iuacoisof  Hpanisli  origin,  inb.ibils  the  pampas,  ae;'  teuUa  hfeofwild  inde- 
pendence. Ilia  chief  employment  is  catching  wild  cattle  with  the  lasso. 
Between  him  and  tlie  Inlians  therl^  is  a  perpetual  war. 


What  is  the  extent  of  South  America  in  square  mihs  ? 

Whit  is  the  probable  population  of  South  America  ? 

From  wliat  meridian  is  the  longitude  reckoned  on  the  top  of 
the  map  ?    Where  is  Greenwich  ? 

From  what  merid'an  is  longitude  reckoned  on  the  bottom  of 
the  map  ?    Where  i;i  Washington  .' 

What  is  the  difference  of  longitude  between  Greenwitih  and 
Washington .' 

Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  does  South 
America  lie  .'  Between  12  North  and  56  degrees  South  lati- 
tude, and  between  35  and  82  degrees  West  longitude  from 
Greenwich. 

Can  you  go  from  .^outh  America  to  Europe  by  land  ?  Why 
not  .>  In  what  direction  must  you  sail,  and  what  ocean  cross 
in  going  from  South  America  to  Europe  ? 

MAP  OF  EUROPE. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Europe  .' 

In  which  hemisphere  is  Europe  .'  ,i  . 

In  which  part  of  the  eastern  hemisphere  ? 

With  what  grand  division  is  Europe  connected  .' 

Does  Europe  lie  in  North  or  South  latitude  ?    Why  ? 


What 
What 
What 
What 

Is  Kui 
What 
In  wh 
Wliicl 

What 
What . 
What  I 
What 
What  ( 
What  ( 
What  ( 
What  ( 
What  ( 
What 

T.  E.  S. 

What  t 
Wliat « 
What  c 

What  c 

ocean  .' 
What  I 

sea?  w. 
What  ( 
What  c 
Whatd 

nean .'  t. 
Whatd 

tic .'  r.  B, 


— ■      ^'.Sr^^'-'i^;^J^tmW'- 


-ifmr' 


recto,  to  tee  whatnvpr  19 
beinii  known  by  tbein. 


I  ? 
t? 

the  map  represent  ? 

nnd  oxcfllent  hoispiiien. 
udiT  from  the  straitnof  Mn- 
(iftpn  ingiiKfii  in  war  with 
mgf  niij  nuinbors.  The 
•d  lc;»il:<a  lifeol'wild  imie- 
/iU  cattle  witU  tlie  lasso. 
1  war. 


n  square  mil^s  ? 
ith  America  ? 
eckoncd  on  the  top  of 

Dned  on  the  bottom  of 

itween  Greenwich  and 

longitude  does  South 
56  degrees  South  lati- 
West  longitude  from 

urcpe  by  land  ?    Why 
and  what  ocean  cross 


ire  ? 

}nuected .' 
itude?    Why? 


P 


OP    EUROPE. 


m 


What  ocean  North  of  Europe  ?  a. 
What  grand  divisioii  East  of  Europe  ?  a. 
What  si;a  South  of  Europe  ?  m. 
What  ocean  West  of  Europe  ?  a. 


Is  Europe  connected  with  Africa? 

What soa  separates  it  from  Africa? 

In  what  direction  is  Europe  longest? 

Which  is  broadest,  the  northern  or  southern  part  ? 


What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
r.  E.  s. 
What 
Wliat 
What 


large  empire  in  tho  eastern  part  of  Europe  ?  r. 
divisions  border  on  the  western  part  of  Russia  ? 
divisions  border  on  Turkey  ?    On  Austria  ? 
divisions  border  on  Prussia  ?    On  Germany  ? 
divisions  border  on  France  ?    On  Italy  ? 
divisions  border  oii  Spain  ?    On  Switzerland  ? 
divisions  border  on  the  Mediterranean  ?  s.  r.  i.  g. 
divisions  border  on  the  Baltic  ?  g.  d.  s.  r.  p. 
divisions  border  on  the  Black  .«ea  ?  r.  t. 
divisions  border  on  the  North  sea?  v.  d.  g.  h.  b. 

divisions  border  on  the  Gulf  of  J^enice?    a.  i.  x. 

divisions  border  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay  ?  r.  s. 

divisions  border  on  the  British  Channel  ?  r.  E.  * 


What  division  extends  from  the  Caspian  sea  to  the  Arctic 

ocean  ? 

What  division  extends  from  the  Arctic  ocean  to  the  North 

sea?  N. 

What  division  extends  from  the  Nortli  sea  to  the  Baltic  ?  i>. 
What  division  extends  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Black  sea?  r. 
What  division  extends  from  the  Black  sea  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean ?  T. 

What  divisions  extend  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Atlan- 
tic ?  r.  B. 


%»»*«  !t«»**i'''e-ii''"-- 


'■^Dimf^^p 


48 


BXEItCISCa    ON   THE 


Which  is  the  largest  islaml  in  Europe .'     Great  Britain. 

88.  The  istand  coiiipriniii)!  Knuland,  Scotland,  nud  Wales,  ii  caUed  Great 
Britain.     (;r«at  Britain  and  Ireland  are  called  the  British  Ules. 

In  what  part  of  Great  Britain  is  England  ? 
In  what  pari  is  Scotland  .'    In  what  part  is  Wales  ? 
What  large  island  West  of  Great  Britain  .'  i. 
What  large  island  West  of  Norway  ?  i.  ^ 

What  four  clusters  of  islands  North  and  West  of  Scotland- 
r.  a.  o.  H. 
What  islands  southeast  of  Spain  ?    i.  m    m. 

89.  Ivica.  Majorca  and  Minorca  are  called  the  Balearic  islandi.  They  were 
so  calljd  by  the  Greeks,  because  the  inhabitants  were  eiiMjrt  archers  and 
■lingers. 

What  two  large  islands  West  of  Italy  .>  c.  s. 

What  large  island  near  the  southern  point  of  Italy  ?  s. 

What  ishnd  South  of  Sicily  ?    Malta  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

What  island  South  of  the  Archipelago  ? 

What  island  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean  .'  c. 

What  two  islands  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic  ?    Zealand 

and  Funen. 

90  The  large  island  on  which  Copenhagen  is  situated,  it  Zealand ;  the  one 
West  of  it,  18  Funen.  The  portion  of  land  between  the  Atlantic  on  the 
West,  and  the  Catte^t  and  Baltic  on  the  East,  is  called  the  Peninsula  of 
JutUnd.  Denmark  consists  principally  of  the  peninsula  of  Jutland  and  the 
islands  of  Zealand  and  Kun^n. 

The  Asiatic  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  and  Archipelago,  from  Constan- 
tinople to  Alexandria  in  Egypt,  is  often  called  "the  Levant."  Levant  prop- 
erly signifies  "the  FJist."  The  Mediterranean  east  of  Candia,  u  usually 
called  by  seamen, "  the  Levant  sea." 

What  sea  East  of  Great  Britain  .'  n. 

What  sea  between  England  and  Ireland  .'  i. 

What  sea  between  Sweden  and  Russia  and  Prussia  .'  b. 

What  sea  in  the  northern  part  of  Russia  ?  w. 

What  three  seas  South  of  Russia  ?  c.  a.  b. 

What  three  seas  East  of  Turkey  .'  b.  m.  a.' 


■  Archipelago,  i  term  often  applied  to  a  large  group  or  cluster  of  Islands    See 

IT    The  most  niteJ  Is  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  between  °«f«  «"^J'"JJH 

0,;  ,1«  wrtand  AslaMlnor  on  the  ^st    It  conWns  nmnero^s  U'^  TM 

I     ■•   noted  are  Nogropont,  8clo,  Samos,  Rhoues,  myiiiem,  rauum,  »<• 

«rof  ^r  w«a  formerly  called  "  the  JEgean  Be»." 


What 
What 

B.  W. 

Wiiat 
What 
What 
What , 
What  I 
What  I 
What  I 

Which 
Where 
The  bii 

What  c 
What  c 
What  c 
What  c 
What  c 
Whatc 

What  8 
What  8 
What  s 
What  s 
What  8 
91.  The  I 
r.i  The  Bo 
and  Blacks 

What  b 
wliatcouii 
of  Otrantn 


•ThecHlf 
jiart  nf  Oree 
|>f  Morea,  »i 
<Urlsloni  of 


'!»-a)«!itlij.|i,. 


"W 


'ISSSB^^'^' 


Great  Britaia. 
(]  VVal«8,  ii  called  Ureal 
ItritMh  bles. 

> 

.  is  Wales  .' 


i  West  of  Scotland  • 


luaric  islands.  They  were 
vere  ex|H!rt  archen  and 

c.  a. 

int  of  Italy  ?  8. 

ongs  to  Great  Britain. 

fediterranean  ?  c. 
he  Baltic  ?    Zealand 

lated,  it  Zealand ;  the  nne 
vevn  the  Atlantic  on  the 
is  called  tliu  I'eninsulaof 
liiiHUla  of  Jutland  and  the 

rchipelago,  from  Constan- 
e  Levant."  Levant  prop- 
east  of  Candia,  ii  usuaily 


1?  I. 

ind  Prussia  ?  n. 

I?  w. 

B.  ...     ,,  ... 

t.   A.*  ' 


ID  01  Cluster  of  Islands.  See 
slween  Greece  and  Tuiltejr 
Ins  numerous  islands.  The 
es,  Mytlleni,  Patnioa,  *o. 
n  Sea." 


w 


HAP    OF    EUROPE.  4B 

What  larste  sea  South  of  Europe  .'  m. 

What  ten  seas  in  ami  around  Europe.'  c.  A.  b.  m.  a    m.  i.  n. 
B.  w. 

Wliat  Cfulf  East  .f  Italy  ?  v. 

What  triilf  aouthc'iist  of  Italy  ?  t. 

What  tjulf  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Italy  >  a. 

What  gulf  Soulh  of  France  ?  l. 

What  culf  North  of  tlic  liaUic  ?  b. 

What  two  gulfs  East  of  the  Haltic  ?  r.  R. 

What  gulf  in  Greece  1    The  gulf  of  Lepanto.* 

Which  is  the  only  large  bay  in  Europe  .'  b. 

Wlicre  is  the  bay  of  Biscay  situated  .' 

The  bay  or  gulf  in  Holland  is  called  "  The  Zfyder  Zee." 

What  channel  between  France  and  England  .'  a. 

What  channtl  South  of  Wales  .'  b. 

What  channel  between  Wales  and  Ireland  .'  st.  o.         '       ' 

What  channel  between  Ireland  and  Scotland  .'  N. 

What  channel  between  Denmark  and  Norway  ?  «. 

What  channel  between  Denmark  and  Sweden .'  c. 

What  strait  between  Engl'       and  Fraiice .'  d. 

What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  ?  a. 

What  strait  between  Corsica  and  Sardinia  ?  b. 

What  strait  between  Sicily  and  Italy  .'  m. 

What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Venice  .'  o. 

91.  The  stni:tofl>ardnni!llc<i  connects  the  Archip<>lnKn  and  xcn  nf  Mamio- 
r.i  The  llosphorus,  or  strait  of  Constantinople,  connects  the  sea  of  Marmora 
and  niacksca. 

What  bodies  of  water  does  the  strait  of  Dover  connect  and 

wliat  countries  separate  ?    The  strait  of  Gibraltar .'    The  strait 

ofOtranto.'    Strait  of  Dardanelles .'    Strait  of  Constantinople  ? 


•TheBMirin  ihpcenlrdpart  of  Greece  Is  calleil  the  Gulf  of  I/!panln.  That 
lijirt  of  Greece  whi.Ji  lies  .Soiiih  of  the  Gulfnf  Lepantn.  is  called  the  peninsula 
or.Morea,  or '' the  Morea."  The  narrow  neck  of  laud  which  counecU  theso 
■Uvislons  of  Ore«ce  u  called  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth. 


# 


50 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


St.  George's  channel  ?    North  channel  ?    The  Skager  Rack  ? 
The  Cattegat  ? 

What  cape  North  of  Norway  ?  w. 

What  cape  South  of  Norway  .'  N. 

What  cape  southwest  of  England?  l..  e. 

What  cape  South  of  Ireland?  c. 

What  cape  North  of  France  ?  I..  H. 

What  cape  northwest  of  Spain  ?  o. 

What  cape  West  of  Spain  ?  r. 

What  cape  southwest  of  Portugal  ?  st.  v.  ., 

What  cape  South  of  Italy  ?    Cape  Spartivento.         >- 

What  cape  South  of  Greece  ?  M.  '• 

Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  Europe  ?  n.    - 

Which  is  the  most  southern  cape  ?  Cape  Trafalgar,  near  the 
strait  of  Gibraltar. 

Which  is  farthest  East,  cape  Matapan  or  cape  North  ?  Cape 
Clear  or  cape  St.  Vincent?  Land's  End  or  cape  Ortegal?  Cape 
Naze  or  cape  Bon,  in  Africa  ? 

What  peninsula  between  the  Black  seaand  sea  of  Azoff?  c. 
What  peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  Greece  ?    The  Morea. 
What  peninsula  between  the  Atlantic  and  Baltic  ?    Jutland. 

What  mountains  between  Norway  and  Sweden  ?  d. 

What  mountains  between  France  and  Spain  ?  p. 

What  mountains  in  Switzerland?  A. 

What  mountains  in  Italy  ?  a. 

What  mountains  in  Turkey  ?  b. 

What  mountains  between  Europe  and  Asia  ?  v. 

What  mountains  between  the  Black  and  Caspian  sea?  c. 

Which  is  the  highest  mountain  in  Europe  '     Mnnt  Blanc. 

92.  Mont  Blanc,  the  bigliest  iuminit  of  the  Alps.  In  1. 1,766  feet  high. 
Blanc  in  a  French  word,  signifying  lehite.  It  i»  called  Mont  llliinc, "  the  White 
mountain,"  on  account  of  its  while  appearance,  being  always  covered 
with  snow  and  ice.  The  next  highest  peak  of  the  Alps  i»  Mount  Rosa, 
15,380  feet  high,  and  the  next  highest  summit  is  the  Great  St.  Bernard, 
10,780  feet  high.    On  the  Noith  side  of  Mont  Blanc,   is  the  celebrated 


vale  of  C 
river  Arv 
vale  is  uni 
va.  and  X 
snow  and 
are  iiniiie. 
the  mount 

What 

What 

What  1 

What  I 

Caspian  ! 

What! 

What  I 

Caspian  s 

What  f 

Whatl 

Whatl 

What  r 

Atlantic  > 

What  I 

G.  L. 

What  r 
What  t 
Where 
Where 
Where 

Dwina  ? 

of  Europe 

VVhattl 
What  U 
Whs.  -I 

W?>at^ 

Vt.  Mm 
*  wasoonq 
in?  fSlJ.  th 


The  Skager  Rack  ? 


V.  ,•  ,        ,.,; 

■tivento.         '   -■  ■■ 

rope  ?  N. 

pe  Trafalgar,  near  the 

)r  cape  North  ?    Cape 
ircape  Ortegal?   Cape 


and  sea  of  Azoff?  c. 
'  Greece  ?    The  Morea. 
ind  Baltic  ?    Jutland. 

Sweden  ?  d. 


pain 


p. 


Asia?  u. 

d  Caspian  sea?  c. 

opp  '     Mimt  Blanc. 

Al|i».  In  l.l,T«6  feet  high. 
!eil  Mont  m;\nc, "  the  White 
nee,  being  always  covered 
)f  the  Alps  i»  Mount  Rosa, 
t  ia  the  Oreat  St.  Bernard, 
It  Blanc,   is  the  celebrated 


MAP    OF    ECROPE. 


51 


vale  of  Chamouni,  eightefn  miles  lone,  and  one  and  a  half  broad.  The 
river  Arve  flows  Ihroufh  the  cntre  of  it.  The  »cenery  siirroundins  the 
vale  '""nriv-nll,.,!  in  b..anly  and  gran.leur.  It  is  forty  l»o  mile!. from •.•.-ne- 
va.  and  Xm  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  Riaciers  are  fields  of 
*now  and  ice,  extendine  sometimes  fifteen  or  twenty  miles.  Avalanches 
are  immense  masses  of  snow  and  ice,  which  sometimes  fall  or  slide  from 
the  mountams. 

What  volcano  in  Sicily  ?  e. 

What  volcano  near  Naples  ?  v. 

What  volcano  in  Iceland  ?  h. 

What  river  rises  in  the  Ural  mountains  and  runs  into  the 
Caspian  sea  ?  u. 

What  boundary  does  the  Ural  river  form  ? 

What  river  in  Russia,  the  largest  in  Europe,  empties  into  the 
Caspian  sea  ?  v. 

What  river  empties  into  the  sea  of  Azoff?  d. 

What  large  river  in  Russia  empties  into  the  Black  sea?  ». 

What  large  river  from  Germany  empties  into  the  Black  sea  ?  d. 

What  river  rises  in  Spain  and  runs  through  Portugal  into  the 
Atlantic  ?  t. 

What  two  rivers  in  France  empty  into  the  bay  of  Biscay  ? 

G,  L. 

What  river  in  F'rance  runs  into  the  British  channel  ?  s. 

What  two  rivers  rise  in  Switzerland  ?  r.  r. 

Where  does  the  Rhone  empty  ? 

Where  does  the  Rhine  empty  ?  •,  ' 

Where  does  the  Elbe  empty  ?  Oder  ?  Vistula  ?  Niemen  ? 
Dwina  ?  Tornea  ?  Which  are  the  three  most  important  rivers 
of  Europe  I    The  Volga,  Danube,  and  Rhine.  v- 

What  thr      i  .xes  in  Kussia  ?  o.  l.  i. 

What  Uvo  uikes  in  Switzerland?    Geneva  and  Constance. 

Whfl.    im     lakes  in  Sweden  ?    Wenner,  Wetter,  and  Malar. 

W*Bt  c(w«ntry  in  the  western  part  of  Russia  ?  p. 

«.  PWttBd  was  fonnerly  one  of  the  most  powerful  kingdoms  in  Europe 
»  WM  conquered  and  in  1795  divided  between  Russia.  Prussia  and  Austria 
Ji>  i^lo.  the  cenlml  part  of  Poland  was  erected  Into  a  kingdom  by  tbe 


mm 


■  WBMS^nW' 


52 


EXERCISES   ON   THE 


congress  of  Vienna,  subject  to  the  emperor  of  Russia.  In  1830,  the  Poles 
attempted  to  free  themselves  from  the  tyranny  of  the  Russians,  but  were 
Boon  overpowered  and  forced  to  submit.  I'oland  is  now  merged  m  Russia, 
and  no  longer  exists  as  an  independent  state. 

What  name  is  given  to  the  northern  part  of  Norway,  Sweden 
•  and  Russia .'  l. 

What  country  between  the  sea  of  Azoff  and  the  Caspian  sea  ? 

c. 
What  name  is  given  to  the  southern  part  of  Caucasus  .'  c. 

What  singular  people  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Russia  .>  s. 

94  The  Samoyedes  are  a  wandering  people,  traversing  the  immense  frozen 
deserts  bordering  on  the  A.ctic  ocean.  They  extend  from  the  VVhite  sea 
to  the  river  Lena,  in  Siberia,  upwards  of  2000  miles,  and  from  300  to  600 
miles  in  breadth.  They  are  of  small  stature,  froui  four  to  five  feet  high. 
They  have  a  flat,  round  and  broad  face,  thick  lips,  and  black  hair,  in  smaU 
quantities.  They  are  peaceable,  extremely  superstitious,  and  live  by  hunt- 
ing. Their  principal  wealth  consists  in  herds  of  reimleer,  which  supply 
them  with  food,  clotliing,  tents,  utensils,  &c. 

What  tribes  inhabit  the  southern  parts  of  Russia  .'  The  Cos- 
sacks and  Kalmucks. 


What  remarkable  whirlpool  on  the  coast  of  Norway  ?  m. 
Is  the  maelstrom  North  or  South  of  the  Arctic  circle  ? 
What  is  there  remarkable  in  Iceland  besides  mount  Hecla.' 
95.  The  famous  boiling  springs  called  Geysers,  which  spout  up  hot  water 
into  the  air  to  thehelghtof  100  feet,  with  a  noise  like  Uiat  of  cannon. 

What  is  the   capital  of  England  ?  l.     Of  Scotland  ?  e.    Of 


Ireland.'  d. 


Of  Portugal  ?  L.  Of  Spain .'  m.  Of  France  ?  v. 
Of  Belgium  .'  fl.  Of  Holland?  h.  Of  Denmark .' c.  At  what 
place  in  Germany  does  the  Federative  Diet  hold  its  sessions .' 
At  Frankfort,  on  the  river  Mayne.    What  is  the  capital  of 


Switzerland  ?  B.  Of  Italy  ?R.* 
Of  Greece  ?  a.  Of  Prussia  ?  b 
den  >  s.    Of  Norway  .'  c. 


Of  Austria  ?  v.  Of  Turkey  ?  c. 
Of  Russia.'    ST.  p.    OfSwe- 


.  Rome  is  usually  called  the  cjplti.1  ofltaly.  Strlctlv  s,,eaklng.  It  I'  'he  capi- 
tal of  timt  division  :f  Italy  ca  led  "  the  States  of  the  Cliurch.  'wiy 's  "lyj" ' 
imo  a  imml'er  of  .separate  governments.  The  principal  are  the  kmK'l""'"  "f 
ffiniriiombardy  and  Venice,  Naples,  States  of  the  Church,  Tte  Otaiid 
Duchy  of  Tuscany.  ,,   ,., 


Which 
East .'    V 

Which 
extends  f; 
Which  ej 

What  h 
land .'    D 

In  whai 
Arctic  cir 

In  what 
circle  .' 

In  what 

Whatc( 
frigid  zoni 

Which  1 

What  di 

itude  cross 

The  60th .' 

In  what 

mostly  lie 

What  pa 

Between 

lie .'    Betw 

10  West  an 

What  is 

What  is 

Suppose 

Atltntic,  ai 

Suppose 

across  the  j 

would  you 


r,  i»ii.i ,. 


'(SfJfTPf'flW 


8Bta.  In  1830,  the  Poles 
'  the  Russians,  but  were 
i  now  merged  in  Russia, 

tof  Norway,  Sweden 
and  the  Caspian  sea  ? 


rt  of  Caucasus  ?  c. 

rn  part  of  Russia  ?  s. 
crsing  the  immense  frozen 
tend  from  the  White  sea 
liles,  and  from  3U0  to  600 
m  four  to  five  feet  high. 
8,  and  blacit  hair,  in  small 
stitioua,  and  live  by  hunt- 
'  reindeer,  which  supply 

of  Russia  ?  The  Cos- 


,st  of  Norway  ?  m. 
3  Arctic  circle  ? 
sides  mount  Hecla  ? 
which  spout  up  hot  water 
!  like  tliat  of  caimon. 

Of  Scotland  ?  e.  Of 
?  M.  Of  France  ?  p. 
lenmark?  c.  At  what 
>iet  hold  its  sessions.' 
hat  is  the  capital  of 
•ia 
isiai 


1  ?  V.  Of  Turkey  ?  c. 
i'    ST.  p.    Of  Svve- 


ictly  speaking,  It  Is  the  capl- 
3  Cfiurch."  Italy  Is  rtlvLlod 
iiclpal  are  the  klnK.ii>iii»  of 
of  the  Church,  Tliu  Grand 


r 


MAP    OP   EUROPE. 


63 


Which  of  these  capitals  is  fartliest  North  .'    Which  is  farthest 
East .'    Which  is  farthest  South  .'    Which  is  farthest  West .' 


Which  country  of  Europe  extends  farthest  North  .'  n  Which 
extends  farthest  East.'  r.  Which  extends  farthest  South '  s 
Which  extends  farthest  West .'  i. 

What  bodies  of  water  border  on  England  .'    Scotland  ?    Ire- 
land.'   Denmark.'    Italy.'    Turkey.'     Greece.'    Russia.' 


In  what  zone  is  that  part  of  Europe  which  lies  North  of  the 
Arctic  circle  .' 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  which  lies  South  of  the  Arctic 
circle  .' 

In  what  zone  does  most  of  Europe  lie  ?  i    .    '    » 

What  countries  lie  partly  ia  the  North  temperate  and  North 
frigid  zones .' 

Which  part  of  Europe  is  coldest.'    Which  part  warmest?  • 

What  divisions  of  Europe  does  the  40th  parallel  of  North  lat- 
itude cross  ?  The  .13th.'  The  50th.'  The  55th  .'  The  00th  ' 
The  80th  .'    The  Arctic  circle  ? 

In  what  longitude,  reckoning  from  Greenwich,  does  Europe 
mostly  lie  .'    Why  in  East  longitude  .' 

What  parts  in  West  longitude  .' 

Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  does  Europe 
lie .'  Between  30  and  72  degrees  North  latitude,  and  between 
10  West  and  63  degrees  East  longitude. 


What  is  the  extent  of  Europe  in  square  miles  ?  i  ' 

What  is  the  probable  population  of  Europe  .'  ,>-*'A  > 

Suppose  you  should  sail  from  New  York  due  East,  across  the 

Atl'intic,  at  what  point  of  Europe  would  you  first  arrive  f 
Suppose  you  should  sail  from  Bristol,  England,  due  West, 

across  the  Atlantic,  what  part  of  the  coast  of  the  Uni    d  States 

would  you  arrive  at  ?    Why  not  ? 


i^^_-JKB 


& 


H».i.4„,.^ 


tmm^f 


m 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


MAP  OF  ASIA.  ■      . 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Asia? 
In  which  hemisphere  is  Asia  ? 
In  what  part  of  the  eastern  hemisphere  ? 
With  what  grand  divisions  is  Asia  connected  ?    e.  a. 
Does  Asia  lie  in  North  or  South  latitude  ?    Why  ? 


What  ocean  on  the  North  of  Asia  ?  a.     ' 

What  ocean  on  the  East  of  it  ?   p.  >^  .      ■" 

What  ocean  on  the  South  of  it  ?  i. 

What  two  grand  divisions  on  the  Vest  of  it  ?  a.  e. 

What  division  comprises  the  northern  part  of  Asia  ?    ». 

96  Siberia  belongs  to  the  KuBsian  empire,  and  is  sometimes  eaUed  Euwia 
in  Asia. 

What  two  divisions  South  of  Siberia  ?  i.  t.  and  c.  e. 

97  The  Cliinese  is  the  most  wealthy  and  pnpuloiu  empire  on  ti 
It  comprises  China  Proper,  Thibet,  forea,  and  the  vast  country  v.^l- 
nese  Tnrtary,  consisting  of  Soongaria,  Mongolia,  Manichoorla,  B 


V 


tc. 


F.  I.  bOU  H. 


What  two  divisions  South  of  the  Chinese  empire  ? 
What  two  divisions  West  of  Hindostan  ?  b.  a. 
What  division  West  of  Afghanistan  .'  p. 
What  two  divisions  North  of  Persia  i  i-t.  and  c. 
What  division  West  of  Persia  >  r. 
What  division  South  of  Turkey  ?  a. 

What  small  populous  empire  comprising  Nipaon  and  the  ad- 
jacent islands  East  of  the  sea  of  Japan  ? 

Which  division  of  Asia  extends  farthest  North?  t. 
Which  division  extends  fu.thest  East  ?    s. 
Which  division  extends  farthest  South  ?  f.  i. 
Which  division  extends  farthest  West  ?  t. 

What  division  extends  from  the  Arctic  ocean  to  the  Pacific  1 1. 
What  division  extends  from  the  Persian  gulf  to  the  Archipel- 
ago ?  T. 


X'-. 


lected?    E.  A. 
3?    Why?     , 


;  of  it  ?  A.  E. 


jartofAsK?    s. 

1  is  sometimes  called  Bunia 

i.T.  and  C.  E. 

puloiu  empire  an ;;        '" 
the  vast  country  V- Ma 
olia,  Manichooria,  fi.  .sis  •. 

;se  empire  ?  f.  i.  hou  h. 


p. 

i-T.  and  c. 


ling  Nip'aon  and  the  ad- 

33t  North  ?  1. 
t?    B. 
th  ?  F.  I. 

It  ?   T. 

c  ocean  to  the  Pacific  ?  t. 
lian  gulf  to  the  Arcbipel- 


MAP    OF    ASIA. 


«s 


F 


What  division  extends  from  the  sea  of  Arabia  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean ?  A. 
Which  division  of  Asia  is  longest  from  East  to  West  ? 

What  divisions  and  bodies  of  water  border  on  Turkey  ?  On 
Arabia  ?  On  Persia  ?  On  Beloochistan  ;  On  Hindostan  ?  On 
Farther  India  ?    On  China?    On  Core;. .'  .  . 


Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  Asia  ?  n.  e. 
Which  is  the  most  eastern  cape  ?  e.  .    ,  a; 

What  cape  South  of  Kamtchatka?   l.  ~        ■ 

What  cape  South  of  Farther  India  ?    Cape  Romania.    -  ..„ 
What  cape  Sout*-  of  Hindostan  ?  c,  ' 

Which  is  the  most  southern  cape  of  Asia  ?     Cape  Romania, 
the  southern  extremity  of  Farther  India. 


What 
What 
What 
What 

What 
What 
What 
What 
mora? 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 


strait  separates  Asia  from  America  ?  a. 
does  Behring's  strait  connect  ?  a.  p. 
strait  is  the  entrance  to  the  Red  sea  ?  b. 
does  the  strait  of  Babelmandel  separate  ? 


■a 


sea  between   Asia  and  Africa?  r. 

sea  North  of  the  Red  sea  ?  m. 

sea  West  of  Turkey  ?  a. 

small  sea  northeast  of  the  Archipelago?    Sea  of  Mai- 

sea  North  of  Turkey  ?    b.  "         '     /j- , 

sea  northeast  of  the  Black  Sea  ?    Sea  of  Azoff. 

sea  between  Caucasus  and  Independent  Tartary  ?    o. 

sea  in  Independent  Tartary  ?    a. 

sea  East  of  Kamtchatka  ?    k.  ^s  ;-,.*•>  '.<"'■ 

sea  West  of  Kamtchatka  ?    o.  •  " 

sea  between  Corea  and  Niphon  ?    j, 

sea  between  China  and  Corea  ?    y. 

sea  East  of  Farther  India  ?    c. 

sea  or  bay  East  of  Hindostan  ?    b. 

sea  West  of  Hindostan  ?    a. 


tllPW*^ 


M 


EXERCISES    ON   THE 


It 


Whatgulf  between  Arabia  and  Persia?    p.         "'       ' 
What  gulf  between  Arabia  and  Boloochistan  ?    o. 
flS.  The  ?ulf  of  Ormufl  in  srimetimt!S  called  the  Rulf  nf  Oman.    The  Per- 
sian gulf  and  gulf  of  drums  are  connected  by  ilie  istrait  of  Ornius. 

What  gulf  in  Farther  Lidia? 

What  gulf  in  the  nort'.ern  part  of  Australia  ?    c. 

What  lake  in  the  southern  part  of  Siberia  ?    b.  , 

What  mountains  between  Chinese  empire  rnd  Siberia  ?    a. 

What  mountains  between  Chinese  empire  a  d  Hindostan,  the 
highest  mountains  on  the  globe  .'    h. 

What  mountains  between  Europe  and  Asia  !    v. 

99.  A  chain  of  mountains,  nauiod  Taurus  in  Turkey,  Ell)urz  in  Perfia, 
Hindoo  Kosh  in  AfRlianistan,  and  IlimnLiya  bof.veeii  llimloston  and  the  Chi- 
nese empire,  extendiJ  from  Uie  Mediterranean  nearly  to  the  Pacific. 

What  peninsula  between  the  sea  of  Kamtchatka  and  sea  of 
OkhoUk  .'    K. 

What  peninsula  between  the  Japan  sea  and  Yellow  sea  ?    c. 

What  peninsula  comprises  the  soutliern  part  of  Farther  In- 
dia .'    Malay,  or  the  peninsula  of  Malacca. 

What  two  rivers  unite  and  flow  into  the  Persian  gulf  ?    k.  t. 

What  river  rises  in  the  Chinese  empire,  and  runs  southwest 
into  the  sea  of  Arabia  ?    The  Indus  river. 

In  what  country  is  the  Nerbuddah,  and  where  docs  it  empty.' 
Ganges .'  Canton  river  .'  Kiang  Ku  ?  Amour  .'♦  Lena  ?  Ye- 
nisei ?    Obi .' 

What  island  South  of  Hindostan  ?    c. 

What  island  South  of  Farther  India,  or  Malay  ?    s. 

What  island  southeast  of  Sumatra  ?    j. 

What  island,  the  largest  on  the  globe,  southeast  of  Asia  ?  a. 

What  island  South  of  Australia? 

What  island  North  of  Australia  ?    n.  a. 

What  large  island  East  of  Sumatra  ?    b. 


*  The  Amour  rlvor  runs  Into  thi)  ckauuel  of  Taitaiy, 


Whati 
What  § 
What  i 
Whati 
What  1 
What  t 

How  m 

What  8 
Wliat  s- 

100.  Cat 
mountiins 
rope  and  ni 

What  it 

101.  Th« 
Turkey  in  I 
empire,  is  b 

What  ii 

tan  ?  c. 

p.    Indep 

J.    Farth 

102.  Far 
map  of  the 
kok  of  Sian 
mostly  pirai 
Malacca,  is 
all  the  conn 
applied  to  t 
India  on  th 

What  tl 
What  c 

I.  c. 
What  C( 
In  what 

tic  circle 
In  what 

cle  and  tfa 


-.mk^^:- 


E 


P. 

Stan  ?    o. 

Kulf  nf  Oman.    The  Per- 

jtrait  of  Ornius. 


alia  ?    c. 
'ia  ?    B. 


,q 


re  rnd  Siberia  ?    a. 
re  a  d  Hindostan,  the 

Isia  !    V. 

Turkey,  Elhurz  in  Veirm, 
ten  llindoHtin  nnd  thcChi- 
rly  to  the  Pacific. 

mtchatka  and  sea  of 

and  Yellow  sea  ?    c. 
n  part  of  Farther  In- 


e  Persian  gnlf  ?    k.  t. 
'6,  and  runs  southwest 

where  does  it  empty.' 
.mour  .'♦     Lena  ?    Ye- 


Malay  ?    b. 
southeast  of  Asia  .'  a. 

a. 

B. 

QiieloCTar(M]r> 


MAP   OF    ASIA.  S^ 

What  island  East  of  Borneo  .»    c.  ^     ■-■^.■^ 

What  group  of  islands  East  of  Farther  India  .'    p. 
What  islands  East  of  Corea  ?     Japan  islands.  •>        ' 

What  island  northwest  of  Siberia?    n.  z.  '    '   .;    « 

What  large  island  near  the  coast  of  Africa  ? 

What  two  islands  East  of  Madagascar .'    m.  a. 

■-■■■*    ..  ■' 

How  many  oceans  border  on  Asia  ?    a.  p.  i. 

What  seas  East  of  Asia .'     k.  o.  j.  y.  c. 

Wiiat  seas  West  of  Asia  .'    r.  m.  a.  Marmora,  b.  and  c. 

100.  Caucasas  lies  partly  in  Europe  and  partly  in  Agia.  The  Caucasian 
mountains  form  tlie  boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia.  See  map  of  Eu- 
rope and  map  of  the  world. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Turkey  .'    c. 

101.  The  Turkish  or  Ottoman  empire  comprises  two  great  divisions, 
Turkey  in  Europe  and  Turkey  in  Asia.  Constantinople,  the  capital  of  the 
empire,  is  situated  on  the  strait  of  Constantinople  in  Turkey  in  Europe. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Arabia  .'  m.  Persia  ?  t.  Afghanis- 
tan ?  c.  Beloochistan  .'  K.  Hindostan?  c.  Chinese  empire? 
p.  Independent  Tartary  ?  B.  Siberia?  t.  Empire  of  Japan  ? 
J.    Farther  India  ? 

102.  Farther  India  isdivided  into  Rirmah,  Anam,  Biam,  and  Malaya.  See 
map  of  the  workl.  Ava  is  the  capital  of  Birmah, — Hue  of  Anam. — Ban- 
kok  of  Siam.  Malaya  is  inh;ibited  by  small  independent  tribes,  who  are 
mostly  pirates  and  robbers.  Malacca,  in  the  southern  part,  on  the  strait  of 
Malacca,  is  the  principal  place.  It  belongs  to  the  British.  In  ancient  times, 
all  the  country  Ea^t  of  the  river  Indus,  wan  called  India.  The  term  ia  now 
applied  to  the  two  great  peninsulas,  Hindostan  on  the  West,  and  FRrther 
India  on  the  East. 


What  three  islands  does  the  equator  cross  ?    s.  b.  c. 

What  countries  dees  the  tropic  of  Cancer  cross  ?  a.  h.  r. 
I.  c. 

What  country  does  the  Arctic  circle  cross  ? 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  of  Asia  which  lies  north  of  the  Arc- 
tic circle  ? 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  which  lies  V  'een  the  Arctic  cir- 
cle and  the  tropic  of  Cancer  i 


1 


♦♦ 


■^ 


"WB 


:tiiiXe^fi^aic'-  ;Aetuli'i»4>i,^'it«X>UiN^Mi6!;iii4^<bi-4«iMW^'. 


58  EXBR^JISES   ON   THE 

In  what  7.one  is  that  part  which  lies  South  of  the  tropic  of 
Cancer  ? 

In  what  zones  does  Asia  lie  ? 

In  what  zone  is  Borneo  ?  New  Guinea?  Australia?  Van 
Dieman's  Land  ?    Madagascar  ? 

How  is  Arabia  divided  ?  Into  Arabia  Petrae,  or  the  Stony, 
in  the  northwest ;  Arabia  Deserta,  or  the  Desert,  in  the  middle, 
and  Arabia  Felix,  or  the  Happy,  in  the  souther-  "art. 

What  isthmus  connects  Asia  and  Africa?  In  what  country 
is  it? 

What  does  the  isthmus  of  Suez  separate  ?    r.  m. 

What  is  the  face  of  the  country  in  Asia  ? 

]  03.  In  China,  Hindostan,  Independent  Tartary,  and  Siberia,  it  is  generally 
level.  The  central  parU  consist  of  a  high  taUetand,  bordered  and  traversed 
by  lofty  mountains,  and  contains  vast  deserts  and  plains.  In  these  elevated 
regions,  the  great  rivers  of  Asia  principally  have  their  source. 

What  name  is  applied  to  the  South  part  of  Asia  and  the  isl- 
ands between  Asia  and  Australia  ?    East  Indies. 

What  river  and  mountains  separate  Asia  from  Europe  ?    v. 

Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  does  Asia  lie? 
Between  2  and  78  degrees  north  latitude,  and  between  26  and 
190  east  longitude.  • 

What  is  the  exten*    "■  Asia  in  square  miles  ? 

What  is  the  probaole  population  of  Asia  ? 


MAP  OF  PALESTINE. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Palestine  ? 
In  what  division  of  Asia  is  it  now  embraced  ? 
What  was  the  length  and  breadth  of  Palestine  ?    It  was  about 
180  miles  long,  and  80  miles  broad. 

MThat  country  was  North  and  East  of  it  ?    Syria. 


What  c 
What  3 

How  w 
era  ?  Int 
In  whal 
Beyond  Ji 
What  n 
What  b 
Where 
In  whal 
Throug 
104.  Itii 

this,  tec. 

On  whi 

In  whal 
Which 
Whatp 
Whatw 
In  whal 
Can  yoi 
What  at 

of  Judea  ? 
What  ei 
What  ci 
lO.'i.  Jopi: 

nah  i.  3.    J 

Whal  ci 

106.  The 

ii.  1.    Joshi 

Whatw 

XX. 

What  ci 

What  e 

John  iv.  f 

What  pi 


mmm*'-^'- 


1th  of  the  tropic  of 
I  ?    Australia  I    Van 

'etra,  or  the  Stony, 
)e8ert,  in  the  middle, 
ther"  Tiart. 
I?    In  what  country 

?     R.  M. 


and  Siberin,  it  is  generally 
ul,  bordered  and  traverKd 
plains.  In  these  elevated 
heir  source. 

;  of  Asia  and  the  isl- 

ndies. 

1  from  Europe .'    v. 

ngitude  does  Asia  lie .' 

and  between  26  and 

,* 

lies  ? 


IE. 

raced .' 

lestine .'    It  was  about 


.i   Syria. 


MAP    OJ"   PALESTINB. 

What  country  South  of  it.'  -- "        '     *  ■*"• 

What  sea'West  of  it .'  •' .  •  .    .-, 

How  was  it  divided  at  tiic  commencement  of  the  Christian 
era .'    into  four  parts  or  divisions. 

In  what  part  of  Palestine  was  Judca  ?  Samaria  .'  Galilee  ? 
Beyond  Jordon .' 

What  noted  river  runs  from  North  to  South  through  Palestine  ? 

What  boundary  does  the  Jordon  forr- .' 

Where  does  the  Jordon  empty  ? 

In  what  part  of  Palestine  is  the  Salt  or  Dead  sea  ?  ,., ' 

Through  what  lake  or  sea  does  the  Jordon  pass  .' 

104.  It  is  called  the  lake  of  Genezcreth,  the  sea  of  Galilee,  sea  of  Tibe- 
rias, &c. 

On  which  side  of  Jordon  does  most  of  Palestine  lie  ?  ■■  - 

In  what  direction  is  Palestine  longest .' 
Which  division  is  longest .'    Which  is  1?'     st  ?    J. 
What  people  lived  East  of  the  Dead  sea .' 
What  was  the  capital  of  Palestine  ?    j. 
In  what  direction  from  Jerusalem  was  Bethlehem  ? 
Can  you  mention  any  events  that  took  place  in  Bethlehem  .> 
What  ancient  city  of  the  Philistines  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  Judea  ? 
What  events  took  place  in  Gaza  ?    See  Judges  xvi.  2-21, 
What  city  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Judea .'    j. 

105.  Joppa,  or  Jaffa,  is  one  of  the  oldest  seaports  in  the  world.  See  Jo- 
nah i.  3.    Acts  z.  5. 

What  city  in  the  western  part  of  Samaria .'    a. 

108.  There  were  two  cities,  it  is  supposed,  of  this  name.  See  Judgea 
il.  1.    Joshua  xii.  23. 

What  was  the  capital  of  Samaria  ?    See  1  Kings,  xvi.  2'> 

XX. 

What  city  southeast  of  Samaria  1 

What  events  took  place  at  Shechem,  Sychar  or  Sychem .' 
John  iv.  5. 
What  places  in  Galilee  ? 


r|ki<<im<M>><^lto3uS«««(!<JWiWnv<t.  , 


'flBRWP^^*^" 


m 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


What  can  you  say  of  Nazareth  ? 

What  city  on  the  East  side  of  the  Jordon  ?   b. 

What  evint  can  you  mention  there  ?    John  I.  28. 

In  what  division  of  Palestine  was  Bethabara? 

V.'r.at  famous  city  of  the  Phoenicians  on  the  coast  North  of 
Palestine?     1.  Chron.  xvi.  '.     1.  Kings  v.  1-7. 

Has  the  Dead  Sea  any  outlet  ?  What  becomes  of  the  water 
that  runs  into  it .'    Is  tiie  water  salt  or  fresh  .' 

The  water  of  lakes  and  seas,  that  have  no  outlet,  is  generally  salt.  This 
is  owing,  it  is  supposed,  to  the  saline  matter  washed  into  them  from  the 
land.  The  heat  of  the  atiiiosphero  evaporates  the  water  and  leaves  the  sa- 
line particles  behind.  If  the  Dead  Sea,  the  Caspian,  Aral,  and  similar  oth- 
ers, had  an  outlet,  thehr  waters  would  no  doubt  be  pure  and  sweeL 


MAP  OF  AFRICA. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Africa  1 

In  which  Hemisphere  is  Africa  .' 

In  which  part  of  the  eastern  hemisphere  .' 

With  what  grand  division  is  Africa  connected  ? 

What  isthmus  connects  Africa  with  Asia  ? 

What  sea  separates  Africa  from  Europe  ? 

Does  Africa  lie  in  North  or  South  latitude .'    Why  in  both  ? 

What  sea  lies  North  of  Africa  ? 
What  sea  and  ocean  lie  East  of  it .'    R.  and  i. 
What  ocean  lies  West  of  it .' 

Which  borders  most  on  Africa,  the  Mediterranean  sea,  the 
Indian  ocean,  or  the  Atlantic? 

What  divisiotis  lie  between  the  Desert  and  Mediterranean  ? 
M.  A.  T.  T.  B.    These  are  usually  termed  the  "  Barbary  States." 
What  division  between  the  Desert  and  Red  Sea  ?    e. 
What  division  South  of  Egypt  ?    w. 
What  two  divisions  South  of  Nubia?    A.  d. 


Whatc 

cape  of  ( 

What  ( 

Good  Ho 

What  1 

Africa  ? 

What  1 

1C8.  So 

What! 

What( 

What  ( 

In  wha 

109.  Sal 
1  000  broa 
nil  the  glob 
Kind,  whic 
Me  olTects, 
lliv  picture 
ered  with 
springs  bur 
expanse,  111 
and  afford 
znn.  Darz 
or  W'adai. 

Which 
of  Tunis. 
Which 
Which 
Which 
Betwee 
Betwee 
In  wha 
In  wha 
In  wha 
In  wha 

What  s 


'IJ^SHSSttS)^ 


n  ?   B.        • 

ohnl.  28. 

ibara  ? 

Dn  the  coast  North  of 

V.  1-7. 

becomes  of  the  water 

sh.' 

et,  is  generally  salt.  Thia 
^aslicd  into  them  from  the 
16  water  and  leaves  the  sa- 
)ian,  Aral,  and  similar  otli- 
e  pure  and  sweet. 


nnected  ? 

sia  ? 

le? 

tude .'    Why  in  both  ? 

L.  and  I. 
Mediterranean  sea,  the 


>rt  and  Mediterranean  ? 
d  the  "  Barbary  States." 
d  Red  Sea  I    k. 

A.   D. 


P- 


MAP    OF    AFRICA.  f^ 

What  divisions  border  on  the  Atlantic  between  the  Desert  and 
cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 

What  divisions  border  on  the  Indian  ocean  between  cape  of 
Good  Hope  and  cape  Guardafui .' 

What  name  is  given  to  the  interior  of  the  southern  part  of 
Alrica .'     e. 

What  large  division  south  of  the  desert .'    i.  , 

108.  Soudan  is  eomelinios  called  Nigritia,  or  Takrour.  « 
What  two  divisions  between  Soudan  and  Nubia  .' 

What  division  in  the  northern  part  (jf  the  Desert .'    r.  ' 

What  divisions  border  on  the  Desert .' 
In  what  direction  is  the  Desert  longest .' 

109.  Sahara,  Zaara,  or  the  Great  Desert,  is  about  3,000  miles  long  and 
1000  broad— containing  1.800,000  square  miles.  It  is  the  targest  desert 
nrj  the  globe.  A  great  part  of  tli«  surface  is  level  and  composed  of  moving 
Kind,  which  when  blown  by  the  wind,  sometimes  produces  the  most  terri- 
ble effects,  and  whole  caravans  have  been  found  buried  beneath  it.  Bee 
the  picture—"  Sand  wind  in  the  Desert."  In  some  parts  the  Desert  is  cov- 
ered with  small  sharp  stones.  A  few  fertile  spoU.  called  Oases,  where 
springs  burst  forth  and  diffuse  fertility,  are  scattered  over  this  immense 
expanse,  like  islands  in  the  ocean,  and  serve  as  resting  places  for  caravans, 
and  afford  support  to  a  number  of  inhabitanU,  The  largest  Oasis  is  Fez- 
Jan.  Darzaleh  and  Darfur  are  also  Oases,  fertile  and  populous.  Also  Wadi 
or  Wadai. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  Africa  1  C.  Bon,  north 
of  Tunis.*  •  :         ^         •  - 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  cape  .>    o.  ,      ,.  , 

Which  is  the  most  southern  cape  .'    g.  h.      '  '-.-i^  ^-, 

Which  is  the  most  western  cape .'    v. 
Between  which  capes  is  Africa  longest '    b.  and  o.  h. 
Between  what  capes  is  Africa  widest .'    o.  v.  ;:• 

In  what  direction  from  cape  Bon  is  cape  Guardafui .' 
In  what  direction  from  cape  Guardafui  is  cape  of  Good  Hope? 
In  what  direction  from  the  cape  of  Good  Hope  is  cape  Verde  ? 
In  what  direction  from  cape  Verde  is  cape  Bon  ? 

What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  ?    o. 


*  aw  Map  of  Europe. 


_-_ij^assii***«^vime^^-tyu&'-s*ii'fs^»!^->^i^ 


#>"'. 


62 


EXEHCtSES    ON    THE 


What  countries  are  separated,  and  what  waters  connected, 
by  the  strait  of  Gibraltar .'  .'•>  -     «     •" 

What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea  ? 

What  waters  connected,  and  what  countries  separated  by  the 
straiiii  of  Babelmandel  ? 

What  channel  between  Afrca  and  Madagascar  ? 

What  waters  are  separated,  and  what  countries  connected,  by 
the  Isthmus  of  Suez  1 

__—  -; 

Which  is  the  lonpcst,ithe  Mediterranean  or  Red  nea? 
How  could  these  two  seas  be  united  ? 
At  what  place  does  Africa  approach  nearest  to  Europe  ? 
Which  part  of  Europe  extends  farthest  South  ? 

What  mountains  in  Morocco  and  Algiers  ?    a. 
What  mountains  separate  Guinea  from  Soudan  ?    k. 
What  mountains  North  of  Ethiopia  ?    m. 
What  mountains  in  the  northern  part  of  Cape  Colony  1  Snow 
mountains. 

What  desert  in  Nubia  ?    n. 

What  desert  west  of  Egypt  ?    l. 

What  tribes  are  found  in  the  Great  Desert .'    t.  t. 

How  is  the  Great  Desert  crossed  ? 

110.  By  companies  mounted  on  camels,  called  caravans. 

Can  yo>i  describe  the  usual  route  of  caravans  from  Egypt  to 
Kouka,  on  lake  Tchad  ? 

What  is  the  usual  route  of  caravans  from  Tripoli  to  Timbuc- 
too  ?    From  Timbuctoo  to  Morocco  ? 

Ill  The  caravans  convey  from  northern  Africa,  salt,  cloths,  and  vari- 
ous kinds  of  European  Roods.-receiving  in  return,  gold,  ivory  and  slaves. 
A  caravan  sometimes  cons  Jts  of  2,000  persons. 

What  colony  in  the  southern  part  of  South  Africa  ?    c. 

What  tribes  in  South  Africa  ?    h.  z.  n.  and  b. 

118  The  Zoulahs,  Namaquas.  &c.,  are  tribes  of  Hottentots.  They  area 
quiet  ignorant,  inoffensive,  and  filthy  race.  The  ^^'^""^'l^'^^^ZT^i 
"Wild  Hottentots."  They  dweU  in  the  immense  plams  of  South  Aftica  and 


are  loM  in 
of  huts  o: 
111!'  hot  sa 
Their  «ea 
Bbont  Witt 

What 
North,  t 
What 
Guinea  ? 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 

Whicl 
the  sea, '. 

If  you 
would  y« 

WhicI 

What  I 
Whati 
What 

113.  Or 

for  it<  sum 
a  volcano, 

What 
What 
What 
What 

114,  St  I 
Hi  iiapartc 
Helena,  ar 
1840,  b'K 
(lital  of  In 

What 


dfi«»lfc?BiS.a«fe-- 


w 


m 


mt^'m-- 


hat  waters  connected, 

Sea? 

itries  separated  by  the 

agascar .' 

ountrics  connected,  by 

an  or  Red  sea  ? 

arest  to  Europe  ? 
:  South  ? 

>rs  ?    A. 
Soudan  ?    k. 

M. 

of  Cape  Colony  1  Snow 


;sert  ?    T.  T. 

d  caravaiH. 

aravans  from  Egypt  to 

rom  Tripoli  to  Timbuc- 


ifrica,  salt,  cloths,  and  vari- 

turn,  gold,  ivory  and  slaves. 

I. 

South  Africa .'    c. 

N,  and  B. 

a  of  Hottentots.  They  are  a 
he  Bushmen  are  often  called 
e  plains  of  South  Africa  and 


MAP    OF   AFRICA-  'Q* 

ari3  lost  in  the  unknown  regions  of  tliP  interior.  They  are  entirely  destitute 
of  hilts  or  hnu-wliold  turniiiire.  The  HCorching  hravcn  is  their  lent,  and 
ihi'  hot  sand  their  bttl.  They  are  a  wild.  rude,  cruel,  and  iniserable  people. 
Their  weapons  consist  n(  a  small  Imw  and  poisoned  arrows,  which  they 
tboot  with  astonishing  .iccuracy  to  a  great  didtancu. 

What  river  rises  in  the  mountains  of  the  Moon,  and  runs 
North,  through  Nubia  and  Egypt,  into  the  Mediterranean .'    w. 

Wiiat  great  river  from  Soudan  empties  into  the  gulf  of 
Guinea  .' 

What  river  in  Sene  Gambia  runs  into  the  Atlantic  ? 

What  river  separates  Biafra  from  Loango  .'    g. 

What  river  between  Benguela  and  Cimbebas  .'     w. 

What  river  in  South  Africa  runs  West  into  the  Atlantic  .'  o. 

What  river  empties  into  Mozambique  channel .'    z. 

What  river  in  the  northern  part  of  Zanzibar  .'    h. 


Which  country  in  highest,  or  most  elevated  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  Egypt  or  Nubia  ?    Why  .'  3. 

If  you  were  at  Cairo  and  should  sail  to  the  ruins  of  Thebes, 
would  you  sail  tip,  or  dovm,  the  river  Nile  .'    Why  .'  3. 

Which  country  is  highest,  Abyssinia  or  Egypt  ?    Why  ?  3. 

What  cluster  of  islands  northwest  of  Morocco  .'a. 
What  islands  West  of  Morocco  .'    m. 
What  islands  southwest  of  Morocco  .'    c. 

113.  One  of  the  most  noted  of  the  Canary  islands.  isTenerifTe.  remarkable 
for  its  summit  called  the  Peak  of  TenerilTe,  13,330  feet  high.  It  was  formerly 
a  volcano,  but  lias  ceased  to  Lum. 

What  islands  West  of  Sene  Gambia  .'    c.  v. 

What  islands  in  the  gulf  of  Guinea  under  the  equator  ? 

What  island  West  of  Congo  .'a. 

What  island  West  of  Benguela.'    st.  h.  "■ 

114  St  Helena  belongs  to  Great  llritnin.  After  the  ba«le  of  Waterloo,  1815, 
Ili.iiapartc  surrendered  himself  to  the  F.nglish.  who  transported  him  to  St. 
Ilt'lena,  and  there  detained  hiui  a  prisoner  of  war  until  his  death,  1831.  In 
1840,  b-s  body  was  removed  to  Paris,  and  buried  in  the  church  of  the  Has 
(iital  of  Invalids. 

What  large  island  East  of  Mozambique  .'v. 


.^ijrtjiJMtilSwiaStjiSW-^JJiM^SMJMifet* 


•f*t=- 


64 


EXERCISES   OF   THE 


What  cape  North  of  Madagascar  ?    a,  "     - 

What  cape  South  01  i.ladagascar  ?    8T.  m.  ',, 

What  two  islands  East  of  Madagascar  ?    m.  b. 

115.  Mauritas,  or  laic  of  France,  bfloiigs  to  Enslincl,  and  is  noted  for  a  lofly 
yiountain  crowii«d  by  a  rocky  peak,  callod  "  Pctur  Botte's  mountain."  Bour- 
bon belon)iB  to  Prance,  and  ia  fainouH  tnr  its  volcano,  wliich  is  continually 
burning,  and  servea  at  nigbt  as  a  lighthouse  to  mariners. 

What  islands  northwest  of  Madagascar  ?    c. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Egypt .'  c.  Of  Barca  .'  d.  Of  Trip- 
oli .'  T.  Of  Tunis  .'  T.  Of  Algiers  ?  a.  Of  Morocco  >  m.  Of 
Sene  Gambia .'  bt.  i.  Of  Sierra  Leone .'  r.  Of  Liberia  ?  m. 
Of  Guinea  r  a.  b.     Of  Loango  .'  u 


guela  ?  B.  Of  Cape  Colony  ?  c. 
Zanzibar  ?  m.  Of  Abyssinia .'  g. 
dan  .'  T.     Of  Fezzan  ?  m. 


Of  Congo  ?  ST.  ».     Of  Ben- 
Of  Mozambique.'   m.    Of 
Of  Nubia  ?    n.  d.     Of  Sou- 


What  gulf  East  of  Tunis  ?    Gulf  of  Cabes. 
What  gulf  West  of  Barca  ?    Gulf  of  Sidra. 
What  gulf  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Red  Sea  ?    Gulf 
of  Suez. 
What  gulf  South  of  Guinea  ?  g. 
What  bay  near  cape  of  Good  Hope  .'  t. 

How  is  Egypt  divided  ?    Into  Upper  and  Lower  Egypt. 
116  .Upper  Egypt  comprises  the  part  Souvh  of  Cairo,  and  Lower  Egypt 
the  part  between  Cairo  and  the  Mediterranean, 

Are  the  pyramids  in  Upper  or  Lower  Egypt  ? 


In  what 
In  what 
In  what 
In  what 
In  what 
In  what 
In  what 


direction  from 
direction  from 
direction  from 
direction  from 
direction  from 
direction  from 
direction  from 


Egypt  is  Algiers .' 
Algiers  is  Senegambia  ? 
Senegambia  is  Nubia  i 
Nubia  is  Congo  ? 
Congo  is  Zanzibar  ? 
Zanzibar  is  Cape  Colony  ? 
Cape  Colony  is  Tripoli  ? 


Throu 
Throu 
Throu 

In  whi 

tropic  of 

In  wh 

Cancer  a 

In  wh 

Capricoi 

In  wh 

In  wh 

Which 

Suppo 
would  tl: 

117.  Th 
On  the  3  le 
Cancer  on 
tor,  which 
of  Caprici 
the  equate 
South  at  I 
will  see  th 
2]et  of Se 
than  twel 
iMarch,  th< 
hours  long 

Is  the 
Good  H( 
South  fa 

Is  the 
buctoo .' 

When 
son  is  it 

What] 

What  i 
Whati 


M.  ,  -  ■ 

M.    B. 

hnd,  and  ia  noted  for  a  lofly 
ll(nte'!*  ni'iuiuain."  Boiir- 
;ano,  wliich  is  continually 
lariners. 


Barca  ?  d.  Of  Trip- 
Of  Morocco  ?  M.  Of 
!  ?  F.  Of  Liberia  ?  m. 
'ongo  ?  ST.  s.  Of  Ben- 
Mozambique?  M.  Of 
ubia  ?    N.  D.     Of  Sou- 


ibes. 
idra. 
of  the  Red  Sea  >    Gulf 


»nd  Lower  Egypt. 

of  Cairo,  and  Lower  £gfpt 

Egypt? 

rs? 

egambia  ? 

I  Nubia  ? 

!o? 

;ibar  ? 

ipe  Colony  ? 

.8  Tripoli  ? 


HAP    OF    AFRICA.  ' 

Through  what  divisions  does  the  equator  pass  ? 
Through  what  divisions  the  tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 
Through  what  divisions  the  tropic  of  Cancer  ? 


6S 


In  what  zone  is  that  part  of  Africa  which  lies  North  of  the 
tropic  of  Cancer  ? 

In  what  zone  is  tliat  part  which  lies  between  the  tropic  of 
Cancer  and  tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 

In  what  zone  is  that  part  which  lies  South  of  the  tropic  of 
Capricorn  ? 

In  what  zones  docs  Africa  lie  ? 

In  what  zone  does  the  greater  part  of  Africa  lie  ? 

Which  part  of  Africa  do  you  think  is  warmest  ? 


Suppose  you  were  at  Cape  Town  to-day  at  twelve  o'clock, 
would  the  sun  be  North  or  South  of  you  ? 

117.  The  tropics  show  the  sun's  limits  North  and  South  of  t'  v  equator. 
On  the  31st  of  March  the  sun  crosses  the  equator  and  reaches  th.  tropic  of 
Cancer  on  the  Slst  of  June.  It  then  returns  gradually  towards  the  equa- 
tor, which  it  again  crosses  on  the  21st  of  September,  and  reaches  the  tropic 
of  Capricorn  on  the  21st  of  December,  when  it  again  turns  back  towards 
the  equator.  All  places  North  of  the  tropic  of  Cancer  will  see  the  sun 
South  at  twelve  o'clock,  and  all  places  South  of  the  tropic  of  Capricorn 
will  see  the  sun  North  at  twelve  o'clock.  From  the  3Ist  of  March  to  thr 
21st  of  September,  the  sun  is  North  of  the  equator,  and  our  days  are  marii 
than  twelve  hours  long,  and  from  the  21st  of  September  to  the  2lBt  c  ' 
March,  the  sun  is  South  of  the  equator,  and  our  days  are  less  than  twelve 
hours  long.    Is  the  sun  North  or  South  of  the  equator  to-day  1 

Is  the  sun  ever  vertical,  directly  over -head,  at  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  ?  Why  not  ?  Because  it  never  goes  North  or 
South  farther  than  234  degrees  from  the  equator. 

Is  the  sun  ever  vertical  at  St.  Helena  ?  Monrovia  ?  Tim- 
buctoo  ?    Cairo  ?    Algiers  ?    Gondar  ? 

When  it  is  summer  in  the  northern  part  of  Africa,  what  sea- 
son is  it  in  the  southern  part  ? 

What  prevents  Africa  from  being  a  continent  by  itself? 


What  is  the  extent  of  Africa  in  square  miles  ? 
What  is  the  probable  population  of  AGrica  ? 
7 


# 


riSW-  '^S^t^iaftJ.^tt^  »*»f= 


tmrn^it^''-- 


h^ 


^Ql  '        EXERCISES   ON    THE 

What  is  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  Africa  ?  ^~ " 

Between  34°  South  and  37°  North  latitude,  and  between  18° 
West  and  51°  East  longitude. 


British  America? 
United  States  ? 
Mexico  ? 
Guatimala  ? 
Russian  Possessions  ? 


MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

How  is  North  America  bounded  ?* 

Capital  .'t  Chief  Towns  ?\ 

Capital?  Chief  Towns? 

Capital  ?  Chief  Towns  ? 

Capital  ?  Chief  Towns  ? 

New  Archangel  is  the  Chief  Town  ? 


RIVERS.  '  "•- 

Where  does  Mackenzie's  river  rise,  in  what  direction  does  it 
run,  and  where  does  it  empty  ?  Coppermine  ?  Saslcatchawan  ? 
Severn  ?  Moose  ?  Rupert  ?  St.  Lawrence  ?  See  map  of  the 
United  States.  Ottowa  ?  Grand  ?  Thames  ?  St.  Francis  ? 
Sorelle?  Columbia?  Clark's?  Lewis?  Mississippi?  Mis- 
souri? Arkansas?  Red?  Ohio?  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  ?§ 
Gila?    Colorado?    Sacramento? 


« In  giving  the  bountlHry  of  a  country,  the  leamor  should  ^mmence  at  the 
most  wesrern  part  and  menllonall  the  countries,  Dodi.-s  of  water,  f  <=• '^at  tor- 
derunon  li  on  the  North,  then.  In  the  Siune  miinner  on  the  Rasl,  then,  on  the 
SoulTmdthlln,  on  the  WeM.  As  forex,»nnle,  North  America  Is  hounded  on 
the  North  by  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  Baffin's  bay  ;  East  by  «•>«"'' sJ-'/'lJiy'. 
Strait,  the  Atlantic  Ocerin,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Carlbhoan  Sea  i'l«^„f™'^  *'""!, '^^2; 
south  by  the  Atlantic,  (iulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Pad  Ic  j  »"'' West  by  II  e  1  aclflc 
and  Bhcrln!.''s  strait.  British  America  Is  '•"'"i""',,'*"'  ''k'"^»,*^L^!.  Homh^KS 
and  Baffin's  Bay  :  East  hy  Baffin's  ftiy,  Davis  Slmltand  he  *''«"""' «"""', ^^ 
the  Atlantic,  United  States,  Pacific  'nd  Russian  Possessions  i  and  Wejt  by  he 
Pacmcand  Russian  Possessions,  The  capital  s  Montrea  ,  sim.iled  on  the 
island  of  Montreal,  In  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  The  Unltwl  S';'tc»  "re  hounded 
North  by  British  America ;  East  l.y  British  Amerlcaand  the  Atlantic  •,. South  hy 
the  Atlantic,  Oulf  of  Mexico  and  Mexico  i  and  West  by  Mexico  and  <ho  Pj^,'"": 
The  capital  18  Washington,  situated  on  the  Hotoinar  river,  In  lljc  District  of 
Columbia,  Ac.  *c.  It  Is  of  (he  utmost  unpprtance  '''f^  ">e  'choUr  shmild 
fAoroiw*!' learn  the  boundary  of  a  country,  for  by  no  "lhefm«»"»  "»"!;,•??: 
qulr.Mrcorrect  knowledge  of  it.  relative  situation  with  regard  to  the  countries 
around  it.  . .  ,         j , 

t  What  Is  the  capital  and  how  situated)  ».i.»  ii„i...i  at.i». 

I  What  are  the  chief  towns  ,ind  how  situated  j  Bee  map  "f 'he  ''"  if„  ,.^Si°i1 
for  the  sltuathm  of  Uiielinc,  Klnsslon  and  Toronto.  Frederlckton  Is  the  capital 
of  New  Brunswick,  and  Halifax  of  Nova  Scolla.  /i_,„,K,iv.rnf  the 

I  K  io  In  Spanish,  Blgulllos  river.  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  OranO^rlver  of  the 
Nurlh.  ....        ,.      ,,. 


f 


When 
When 
When 
When 
Wher 
118.  F< 
map  of  xh 


Where 
Where 
Where 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


Where 
Where 
When 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
119.  Th 


m- 


frica?  i 

ude,  and  between  18° 


RICA. 

nded  ?• 

Chief  Towns  ?t 

Chief  Towns? 

Chief  Towns  ? 

Chief  Towns  ? 
is  the  Chief  Town? 

what  direction  does  it 
line  ?  Saskatchawan  ? 
nee  ?  See  map  of  the 
lames  ?  St.  Francis  ? 
?  Mississippi  ?  Mis- 
Grande  del  Norte  ?§ 


ler  shoulil  commence  at  the 
oilii!«  of  water,  *c,  that  bor- 
er on  the  K»sl,  then,  on  the 
iirlh  America  Is  hounded  on 
last  by  Hafflln's  Bay,  Davis' 
an  Sea  and  South  Amnrli-a  i 
flc  ;  and  West  by  the  Pacific 
I  North  by  the  Arctic  Ocean 
ItanJ  «no  Atlantic;  South  by 
osscsslons  1  and  WeJt  by  the 
s  Montreal,  situated  on  Iho 
e  l)nlt«1  States  are  hounded 
a  and  the  Atlantic  ;  South  by 
St  by  Mexico  and  the  Pacific. 
iMiar  river,  In  the  Dlatrlctof 
ice  that  the  schol.ir  shotild 
y  no  other  means  can  he  «c- 
wlth  regard  to  the  countries 


lee  map  of  the  United  States 
Frederlckion  Is  the  capital 

el  Norte,  Orand-rlver  of  the 


MAP    OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


67 


'--    ■  ■'■■      -   --.      LAKES.  '..,-- 

Where  is  Great  Bear  Lake  ? 
Where  is  Slave  Lake?  >    - 

Where  is  Athabaska  Lake  ?  ,       . 

Where  is  Lake  Winnipeg? 
Where  is  Great  .Salt  Lake  ? 

118.  For  the  l^akes  between  the  United  States  and  British  America,  see 
map  of  the  United  States. 

GULFS.  ,' 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  ~ 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  •, 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ?  '     " 


BAYS. 

Where  is  Baflin's  Bay  ? 
Where  is  Hudson's  Bay  ? 
Where  is  James'  Bay  ?  ' 

Where  is  Ungava  Bay  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  Honduras  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  Campcachy  ? 
Where  is  Bristol  Bay  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  St.  Francisco  ? 

INLETS. 

Where  is  Chesterfield  Inlet  ? 
Where  is  Cook's  Inlet  ? 
Where  is  Norton's  Sound  ? 


STRAITS. 

Where  is  Barrow's  Strait  ? 

Where  is  Duvis'  Strait  ? 

Where  is  Hudson's  Strait  ? 

Where  is  Behring's  Strait  ? 

Where  is  the  Strait  of  j  uan  do  Fuca  ? 

1 1 S.  The  strait  of  BuUeiile  Is  between  Newfoundland  and  Labrador. 


m 


„      EXEH    :  .£&    ON   TUB 


1^ 


ISLANDS. 

Where  is  Melville  Island  ?  Prince  William's  Land  ?  South- 
ampton .'  Disco?  Iceland?  Newfoundland?  Bermudas? 
Bahamas  ?  Cuba  ?  Hayti  ?  Jamaica  ?  Porto  Rico  ?  Caribbe- 
an Islands  ?  Vancouver's  ?  Washington  ?  Prince  of  Wales 
lale .' 

PENINSULAS. 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Greenland  ? 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  ? 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Florida  ?* 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Yucatan  ? 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  California  ? 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Alaska  ?  *■• 

CAFES. 

Where  is  Cape  Farewell  ?   '  '    '     ' 
Where  is  Cape  Sable  ? 
Where  is  Cape  St.  Lucas  ? 
Where  is  Cape  Mendocino  ? 

MOUNTAINS. 

Where  are  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ?t 
Where  are  the  Rocky  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Cordilleras  Mountains  ? 
Where  is  Mount  Elias  ?    Mount  P'airweather  ? 
Where  is  Long's  Peak?    James'  Peak  ? 
Where  is  the  Volcano  of  Popocatapetl  ? 


Wher 
Wher: 
Wher 
Wher 
To  wl 
New  Gr 

Betwe 

Througl 

from  the 

what  zoi 

In  wh 

In  wh 

Whicl 
Whicl 
From 

120.  Fi 
1610,  he  I 
men,  for  I 
vast  body 
iiioit  snut 
unable  to 
Kliip,  with 
ni«n,  and 
in  the  mil 
and  tlirea 
entered  h 
put  him  V 
crew  into 
After  end 
next  year 


Where  is  Labrador  ? 
Where  is  East  Main  ? 
Where  is  New  North  Wales  ? 


•  Between  Uie  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  llio  Atlantic.    8ce  nvip  of  United  States. 

t  The  AlloKhanyraounUilns  consist  of  several  ranpis  under  diflerent  names. 
See  map  of  United  Statei.  Those  mountams  are  sumotlmes  called  Uie  Appa- 
lachian mountalnB. 


How  < 


1.  Ma 


♦  Two  0 
In  some  ci 
map,  the  li 


Iliam's  Land  ?  South - 
ndland  ?  Bermudas .' 
?ovto  Rico  ?  Caribbe- 
1  ?     Prince   of  Wales 


? 
weather  ? 


8ce  iivip  of  Unlteil  States. 
npti  uiiiler  illlferentiinmes. 
sumutlines  culled  Uie  Appa- 


MAP    OF   THE  UNITED   STATES. 

Where  is  New  South  Wales  ?  ,.:   ,       '• 

Where  is  Lord  Selkirk's  settlement ?  ■'■ 

Where  is  the  Grand  Bank  of  Newfoundland  ?    » i 
Where  is  tlie  Balize,  an  English  settlement .'  -,  > 

To  what  government  does  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  belong .' 
New  Grenada.     See  map  of  South  America. 


To 


Between  what  two  bodies  of  water  is  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ? 
Through  what  countries  must  you  pass  in  traveling  on  the  roast 
f]om  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  to  Bhering's  strait .'  and  through 
what  zones .' 

In  what  zones  does  North  America  lie  ?  .  .■ 

In  what  zone  does  the  greater  part  of  it  lie  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  gulf  in  North  America  ?  m. 

Which  is  the  largest  bay  in  North  America  .'  h. 

From  whom  does  Hudson's  bay  take  its  name  ? 

120.  From  Henry  Hudson,  a  distinguished  English  naval  discoverer.  In 
1610,  he  sailed  in  a  vessel  named  the  Discovery,  with  a  crew  of  twenty-three 
men,  for  the  purpose  of  finding  a  passage  to  the  Pacific.  He  entered  this 
vast  body  of  water  which  is  named  afler  him,  and  spent  the  winter  in  the 
most  southern  part  of  it.  Findmg  no  communication  with  the  Pacific,  and 
unable  to  establish  any  intercourse  with  the  natives,  or  to  rcvictual  his 
ship,  with  tears  in  his  eyes  he  distributed  his  little  remaining  bread  to  his 
men,  and  prepared  to  return.  His  crew  were  disorderly  and  mutinous,  and 
in  the  midst  of  his  vexation  and  despair ;  he  used  some  harsh  expressions, 
and  threatened  to  set  some  of  them  ashore  ;  upon  which,  a  body  of  them 
entered  his  cabin,  seized  him,  and  having  tied  his  arms  behind  him,  they 
put  him  with  his  son,  John  Hudson,  and  seven  of  the  most  sickly  of  the 
crow  into  a  boat,  and  set  tliein  tu\xi{i.  They  were  never  more  heard  of. 
After  enduring  incredible  hardships,  a  small  part  of  the  crew  arrived  the 
next  year  in  England. 

MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
How  are  the  United  States  bounded?    What  is  the  capital? 

EASTERN,    OR    NEW   ENGLAND    STATES. 

1.  Maine  ?  Capital  ?        "Portland,  Bangor. 

*  Two  of  (he  principal  towns  l)eslilus  the  capital,  are  given  in  this  column. 
In  some  cnscB,  for  w,iiUorsp.ic«,  they  are  not  found  on  tlie  map.  If  on  the 
map,  tl>e  learner  will  tell  iheir  situation. 


i 


..„  -Hittt—  /4,*iAKTij'<.«' 


■^=4 


70 


EXERCISES  ON    THE 


2.  New  Hampshire  ?  Capital  ? 

3.  Venannt?  Capital? 

4.  Massachusetts  ?  Capital  ? 

5.  Rhode  Island  ?  Capitals  ?♦ 

6.  Connecticut  ?  Capitals  ?• 


Portsmouth,  Dover. 
Bu-lington,  Windsor. 
Lowell,  Salem. 
Bristol,  Pawtucket. 
New  Lonr'on,  Middletown- 


MIDDLE    STATES. 


1.  New  York  ?  Capital .' 

2.  New  Jersey  ?  Capital .' 

3.  Pennsylvania  ?  Capital  ? 

4.  Delaware  ?  Capital  ? 


SOUTHERN    SI 

1.  Maryland? 

Capital  ? 

2.  Virginia? 

Capital  ? 

3.  North  Carolina  ? 

Capital  ? 

4.  South  Carolina? 

Capital  ? 

5.  Georgia? 

Capital  ? 

6.  Florida? 

Capital  ? 

7.  Alabama? 

Capital  ■? 

8.  Mississippi! 

Capital  % 

9.  Louisiana? 

Capital  ? 

10.  Texas  ? 

Capital  1 

New  York,  Brooklyn,  TTlica. 
Newark,  N^w  Brunswick. 
Philadelph. .,  Pittsburg. 
Wilmington,  New  Castle  ? 


Baltimore,  Fredericktown, 
Norfolk,  Portsmouth. 
Wilmington,  Newbern. 
Charleston,  Hamburg. 
Savannah,  Augusta. 
St.  Augustine,  Pensacola. 
Mobile,  Macon. 
Natchez,  Vicksburg. 
Baton  Rouge,  Natchitoches. 
Galveston,  Houston. 


WESTERN   STATES. 


1.  Tennessee? 

2.  Kentucky  ? 

3.  Arkansas  ? 

4.  Missouri  ? 

5.  Illinois  t 

6.  Indiana  1 


Capital  1 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  7 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 


Memphis,  Knoxville. 
Louisville,  Lexington. 
Helena,  Arkansas. 
St.  Louis,  St.  Charles. 
Chicago,  Alton. 
Madison,  Vincennea. 


•The  capital  of  astato  !•  the  city  or  town  In  which  the  legislature  meets. 
The  legislature  of  Rhode  Island  meets  at  four  lUfterent  places,  and  hence, 
RhodelHland,  strictly  speaking,  has  fbur  capitals,  vte.  Providence,  Newport, 
East  Greenwich  and  South  Kingston,  I'rovfrtence  Is  usually  cal  ed  the  capital. 
The  legislature  of  Connecticut  meets  alternately  at  Hartford  and  New  Haven, 
.'  .Id  therefore  ConnecUcut  has  two  capitals.  The  other  states  neve  but  one 
capital. 


7.  Oh 

S.  Mi 

9.  Wi 

10.  lev 


Where 
run,  am 
Androsc 
Mohawk 
Rappaha 
Cape  F( 
Satilla? 
Alabama 
Tennessi 
Big  Sane 
Wabash 
Chippew 
Sioux  ? 
cis  1  Ar 
Neuces  ? 
Lewis  ? 


Where 
Where 
Who'f 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


•at.  Joi 
erly  coursi 


■m- 


tfj,'' 


»mouth,  Dover, 
ington,  Windsor, 
ell,  Salem, 
ol,  Pawtucket. 
London,  Middletown- 


ork,  Brooklyn,  TTlica. 
i,  N^w  Brunswick, 
ilph. .,  Pittsburg, 
igton,  New  Castle .' 


more,  Fredericktown, 
jlk,  Portsmouth, 
lington,  Newborn, 
leston,  Hamburg, 
nnah,  Augusta, 
ugustine,  Pensacola. 
lie,  Macon, 
hez,  Vicksburg. 
ti  Rouge,  Natchitoches, 
eston,  Houston. 


tphis,  Knoxville. 
sville,  Lexington, 
ma,  Arkansas, 
.ouis,  St.  Charles, 
ago,  Alton, 
ison,  Vincennea. 


rhich  the  leglsLiture  meets. 
Ift'erent  places,  and  heace, 
viz.  Providence,  Newport, 
Is  usually  cnllod  the  capital. 
;  Hartford  and  New  Haven, 
9  oUwr  sutea  IwTe  but  om 


MAP    OF 

THE    UNITED    STATES. 

7. 

Ohio .' 

Capital  1 

Cincinnati,  Cleveland. 

S. 

Michigan  ? 

Capital  ? 

Ann  Arbor,  Monroe. 

9. 

Wisconsin  1 

CapiUl .' 

Milwaukie.  Green  Bay 

0. 

Iowa  ? 

Capital  1 

Burlington,  Dubuque. 

TERRITORIES- 

Minnisota .' 

Indian  ? 

Nebraska .'    Oregon  ? 

tr 


'  ■■:.     RIVERS.       -'    ■'     '    V<iw  v.:       ;,'y- 

Where  does  St.  John's  river  rise,  in  what  direction  docs  it 
run,  and  where  does  it  empty  1*  Penobscot  %  Kennebec .' 
Androscoggin .'  Connecticut  ]  North  River,  or  Hudson  .' 
Mohawk .'  Genessee  .'  Delaware  ?  Susquehanna  .'  Potomac  > 
Rappahannoc  I  York  ?  James  ?  Chowan  .'  Roanoke  ?  Neuse  1 
Cape  Fear  ?  G.  Pedee .'  Santee  .'  Savannah  ,'  Altamaha  1 
Satilla?  St.  Mary's?  St.  John's  .'  Appalachicola  .'  Escambia  7 
Alabama.'  Toinbigby .'  PearH  Mississippi.'  Yazoo.'  Ohio? 
Tennessee  1  Cumberland  .'  Green  .'  Kentucky  t  lacking  ? 
Big  Sandy  f  Monongahela  .'  Alleghany  .'  Scioto  ?  Miami  ? 
Wabash?  White?  Kaskaskia  ?  Illinois?  Rock?  Wisconsin? 
Chippewa?  St.  Croix  ?  St.  P^'ers?  Des  Moines  ?  Missouri? 
Sioux  ?  Yellowstone  ?  Nebraska  ;"  Kansas  ?  Osage  ?  St.  Fran- 
cis 1  Arkansas  ?  Red  ?  Sabine  ?  Trii.Hy  1  Brasos  ?  Colorado  ? 
Neuces?  Rio  Grand  del  Norte  ?  Columbia?  Willamette? 
Lewis  ?    Clarke's  ? 


LAKES. 

Where  is  Lake  'f  the  Woods  ? 
W  here  is  Lake  Superior  l 
Whore  >»  Lake  Huron  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Michigan  ? 
Where  is  Lake  St,  Clair  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Erie  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Ontario  ? 


erly^ibjSVintotto  fiS^'of  rilSy"""''''"  '^" " "■"""  ""* """"  * *""""«"'- 


.if 


m 


i 


'I 


w 


JIXKHCiSBS   ON    TUB 


ire' 


Wher*^  is  Lake  Ohanipla;!.' .' 
Where  is  M-l  ")■;  Lake  :' 
Where  i  i  Lalfu  Simcoe  ? 
Where  i"  J<aUe  N'iri'sins; ' 
Where  J3  Great  SuU  L  ike  i 

SOUNDS.* 

Where  is  Long  Island  Found  ? 
Where  is  A  ibf>marle  Sound  ?         • 
Where  is  i'amlico  Sof.ud  ^ 

BAVS.t 

Wj'ore  is  Mobile  Ba    r 
Where  is  Chcivneake  isav  ?   7U. 
Where  is  Delaware  Bay  ?  70. 
Wliere  ie  Georgian  Bay  ? 
Where  is  Green  Bay  ? 


CAPES. 

Wfif  re  is  Cape  Ann  ?    Cape  Cod  ?    Cape  Malabar  ? 

Where  is  Montauk  Point  ?    The  East  end  of  Long  Island. 

Wh«ire  is  Sandy  Hook  ? 

Where  are  Cape  May  and  Cape  Henlopen  ? 

Where  are  Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry  ? 

Where  ,ue  Cape  Hatteras,  Cape  Lookout  and  Cape  Fear  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Sable  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Roman  ? 

ISLANDS. 

Where  are  Martha's  Vineyard  and  Nantucket  ? 

Where  is  Long  Island  ? 

To  what  state  does  Long  Island  beloag  I    To  New  York. 


•  Boundi.  Long  Island  Sound  H  South  of  Connecticut.  Albemarle  and 
PamllcoSounds,  fn  the  eMlernimrt  of  North  Carollntt.  ,^„  ,„ 

tBa«.  Mobile  Bay  In  the  southern  part  of  AWiama.  Chesapeake  Bay  In 
VlrpSa  and  Mary uSd.   Delaware  Bay  between  Delaware  and  New  Jersey. 


Whei 
Whei 
Whei 
Whei 
Whei 
Whei 
Whei 
Whet 
Whei 
Whei 
Whei 

Is  the 

Can  ] 

sylvanis 

122.  T 
Erie  and 
burthen  < 
U  broken 
.  Rideau  ( 
'  rio,  sufflc 
Canal  ex 
North  ri' 
and  the  i 

How 

through 

122.  T 

river  into 
into  the  I 
canal  inti 
St.  Clair, 
gnn  to  CI 
the  tllinol 


•The  C 
TheAnilc 
bilns  furn 
Uie  wcste 

«  The  II 
tends  ftroi 


^R 


■WIWW?*'- 


ape  Malabar  ? 
end  of  Long  Island. 

pen  ? 
enry  ? 
out  and  Cape  Fear  ? 


intucket  i 

g  ?    To  New  York. 


yonnectlout.    Albemarle  and 

olinn, 

klaliama.    Chesapeake  Bay  In 

Delaware  ana  Ne  w  Jeraey. 


r 


HAP    OF   TUB    UNITED    STATES.  73 

■■'■'"'■"-'■""■  MOUNTAINS.  *    •^ -:■-'•■■- -.•-• 

Where  are  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ?    Blue  Ridge  ? 

Where  are  the  Cumberland  Mountains  ?  '    '     ■  , 

Where  are  the  Ozark  Mountains .'  .  .  ■       -     .    .t 

Where  are  the  Guadalupe  Mountains  ?  .  '  ' 

Where  are  LonR's,  James',  and  Pike's  Peaks  ? 

Where  are  the  Rocky  Mountains .'  ,„■■ 

Where  are  Mount  Baker  and  Mount  St  Helen's  .'  'y 

Where  are  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  ? 

Where  are  the  Sierra  Nevada,  or  Snowy  Raage  ? 

Where  is  the  Coaat  Range  ? 

Where  are  the  Cordilleras  Mountains  1*  *'     '   "  -'  i 

Is  there  any  State  that  has  no  access  to  the  ocean  by  water  ? 
Can  you  sail  from  Ohio  to  the  ocean  ?    How  ?    From  Penn- 
sylvania .'    Vermont  ?    Michigan  ? 

122.  The  Welland  Canal,  a  few  miles  West  of  Niagara  river,  connects  Lake 
Erie  and  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  largo  enough  to  iiUow  vessels  of  125  tons 
burthen  to  pass  through.  The  St.  Lawrence,  from  Ijake  Ontario  to  Montreal, 
is  broken  by  a  succession  of  rocks  and  rapids.  These  are  obviated  by  the 
_  Rideau  Canal,  extending  from  the  Ottowa  river  to  Kingston,  on  lake  Onta- 
rio, sufficiently  large  to  admit  sloops  and  other  small  vessels.  The  Western 
Canal  extends  from  Buffalo,  on  lake  Erie,  to  Albany,  on  the  Hudson,  or 
North  river,  thus  forming  a  water  communication  between  the  great  lakes 
and  the  Atlantic. 

How  will  you  travel  from  Hartford  to  New  Orleans  by  water 

through  the  United  States  .' 

122.  There  are  two  or  three  routes.  One  is, — "  3ail  down  the  Connecticut 
river  into  Long  Island  sound,  down  Long  Island  snimd  through  East  river 
into  the  Hudson,  up  the  Hudson  to  Albany,  tlience  tlirough  the  Western 
canal  into  lake  Erie,  up  lake  &ie  through  Detroit  river,  lake  Bt.  Clair,  river 
St.  Clair,  lake  Huron,  strait  of  Mackinaw,  into  lake  Michigan,  up  lake  Michi- 
gan to  Chicago,  thence  through  tlie  Illinois  cnnalf  into  Illinois  river,  down 
the  Ulinoie  into  the  Mississippi,  down  the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans, 


"  The  Cordilleras  mountains  arc  a  continuation  of  the  Hocky  mountains. 
The  Andes  of  South  Aiiiorlui,  the  OordlMcnia  of  Mexico,  iiml  llie  Rocky  moun- 
Ijilns  form  onerontlniious  chahi  of  mountains  extending  the  whole  length  of 
the  western  continent. 

t  The  Illinois  canal  connects  lake.  Michigan  with  the  Illinois  river.  It  ex- 
tendi from  Chicago  to  Peru,  lOO  miles  long. 


n 


■f^-,* 


fi  EXERCISES    ON    THE 

How  will  you  sail  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburgh  by  way 

of  the  Atlantic  ? 

How  will  you  Hail  from  FitUburgh  to  Montgomery  m  Ala- 
bama ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Montgomery  to  Washington  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Washington  to  Portland,  Maine  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Portland  to  New  Orleans  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  New  Orleans  to  Hartford  by  way  of 
the  great  lakes  I 

123.  There  arc  railroadg  in  most  of  the  State*.  By  means  of  these  and  the 
waters  navigable  for  steamboats,  a  person  can  travel  with  the  greatest  fa- 
cility and  speed  through  all  parts  of  the  United  States,    See  school  atlas. 

Which  are  the  six  most  populous  cities  in  the  United  States? 

184.  New  I  ork,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  New  Orleans,  Boston,  Cincinnati. 

Which  is  the  largest  SUte .'    lU  extent  in  square  miles .' 

Which  is  the  smallest  State  .'    Ita  extent  .> 

Which  is  the  most  northern  and  eastern  State  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  South  ? 

Which  is  the  most  western  State  ? 

Which  is  the  oldest  settled  State  ? 

125.  Florida  is  the  oldest  settled  State.  St.  Augustine  was  founded  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1565.  The  first  English  settlement  In  the  United  States  was 
made  at  Jamestown  in  Virginia,  in  1607.  In  1613,  the  Dutch  made  a  sct- 
Uement  at  Albany  in  New  York,  under  the  name  of  Fort  Orange. 


MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

How  is  South  America  bounded  ? 
New  Grenada ?•    Capital?     Popayan,  Carthagena. 
Venezucln  ?*  apital  ?    La  Guayra,  Maracaybo. 

Equador  : '  Capital  ?    Guayaquil,  Cuenca. 

•  New  Grenada,  Venezuela,  and  Equador  were  fonuerly  united  under  one 
government,  called  Colombia. 


w 


Guiati 

Brazil 

Peru; 

Bolivi 

Parag 

Buenc 

Urugt 

Chili 

Patagi 


Wher 
run,  wl 
na?  Ui 
tins  ?  A 
azon .'    , 


When 
Wher( 
When 
Wher( 
When 


Wher 
When 
When 
When 
When 


*  Gulanii 

Iml  of  Eng 

Guiana. 

t  Baenoi 

jCrugui 


9SI&S^f^^^ 


to  Pittsburgh  by  way 
Montgomery  in  Ala- 

(  Washington  ? 
Portland,  Maine .' 
w  Orleans  ? 
to  Hartford  by  way  of 

By  means  of  the«e  and  the 
;ravel  with  the  greatest  fa- 
lates,    See  school  atlas. 

)  in  the  United  States  ? 

)rleaoB,  Boston,  Cincinnati. 

t  in  square  miles  ? 

int? 

n  State? 


iguBtine  was  founded  by  the 
t  In  the  United  States  was 
113,  the  Dutch  made  a  set- 
!  of  Fort  Orange. 


:mcA. 

inded  ? 
Cartbagena. 
a,  Maracaybo. 
1,  Cuenca. 

fonueily  united  under  one 


MAP   OF   SOUTH    AMERICA. 


75 


Guiana  ?* 
Brazil .' 
Peru? 
Bolivia  ? 
Paraguay  ? 
Buenos  Ayres 
Uruguay  >X 
Chili  ? 
Patagonia  ? 


?t 


Capital?  Paramaribo,  Cayenne. 

Capital  ?  Pernambuco,  San  Salvador. 

Capital  ?  Cuzr   ,  Arequipa. 

Capital?  Pot     I,  Cochabamba. 

Capital  ?  Conception,  Villa  Rica. 

Capital  ?  Mendoza,  Tucuman. 

Capital  ?  Maldonadc    Colonia. 

Capital  ?  Valparaiso,  Valdivia. 

Inhabited  by  Indians. 


KIVERS. 

Where  does  the  Rio  Negro  frise,  in  what  direction  does  it 
run,  where  does  it  empty?  Paraguay?  Pilcomayo?  Para- 
na ?  Uruguay  ?  Rio  De  La  Plata  ?  San  Francisco  ?  Tocan- 
tins?  Art  aay  ?  Madeira?  Puras?  Javary  ?  Yucayle?  Ajn- 
azon  ?    Nfcgro  ?    Caqueta  ?    Orinoco  ?    Magdalena  ?    Cauca  ? 


% 


LAKES. 

Where  is  lake  Maracaybo  ? 
Where  is  lake  Titicaca  ? 
Where  is  lake  De  Los  Palos  ? 
Where  is  lake  Oberava  ? 
Where  is  Salt  Lake  ? 

GULFS. 

Where  is  the  gulf  of  Darien  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Panama  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Guayaquill  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Chonos  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  San  Antonic  ? 


*  Gulann  belongs  to  the  English,  Dutch,  and  French.  Georgetown  Is  the  cap- 
ital of  English  Quianai  Paramaribo  of  Dutch  Guiana  i  and  Cayenne  of  Frsucb 
Guiana.  \ 

t  Buenos  Ayres  was  formerly  called  the  Argentine  Republic. 
]  Uruguay  was  ibnnerly  called  the  Banda  Oriental. 


m 


EXESCISSS   ON    THE 


W 


BAYS. 

Where  is  the  bay  of  All  Saints .' 
Where  is  Blanco  bay  ? 
Where  is  St.  George's  bay  ? 

CAPES. 

Where  is  cape  Gallinaa  ? 
Where  is  cape  St.  Roque  ? 
Where  is  cape  Hcirn  ? 
Where  is  cape  Blanco  ? 
Where  is  cape  Frio  .' 
Where  is  cape  Corientes  ? 

ISLANDS. 

Where  is  the  island  of  Trinidad  ?    Tobago  ?    Grenada  ? 
Where  is  the  island  of  Joannes,  or  Marajo  ? 
Where  are  the  Falkland  islands .'    South  Georgia  ? 
Where  is  Terra  Del  Fuego  ?    The  island  of  Chiloe  ? 
Where  are  the  islands  of  Juan  Fernandez? 
Where  is  the  island  of  St.  Felix  .'    St.  Ambrose  ? 

MOUNTAINS. 

How  far  do  the  Andes  extend  ? 

Where  is  mount  Sorata,  the  highest  peak  of  the  Andes  ? 

WTiere  is  mount  Chimborazo  ? 

Where  is  the  volcano  of  Cotopaxi .' 

Where  is  the  volcano  of  Pinch  inca  ? 

Where  are  the  Acaray  mountains .' 

Where  are  the  Geral  mountains  ? 

Where  are  the  Brazilian  movmtains  ? 

What  prevents  South  America  from  being  a  continent  by 

itself? 
Why  do  no  large  rivers  enter  the  Pacific  from  S.  America? 

1£6  The  Andes  form  au  unbroken  barrier  along  the  whole  western  coa«t, 
varying  ftom  30  to  100  miles.  - 


What 

127.  T 
nieridowg 
They  are 


How 
How 

Wlidt 
How  ' 

If  you 
tion  w(n 
Why 
Aretl 
Whicl 
America 


Potugi 
Spain 

lt4y  ? 

GreeC( 
Turke 
Austri 
Switzi 
Franci 
Belgii 
HoUai 
GermE 
Prussi 
Denmi 

•lftbes( 


rago  ?    Grenada ! 

rajo? 

ith  Georgia  ? 

ind  of  Chiloe  ? 

dez? 

,  Ambrose  ? 


eak  of  the  Andes  ? 


1  being  a  continent  by 

ific  from  S.America? 
ong  tho  whole  weitem  coaK, 


MAP    OF    EUROPE. 
What  plains  in  Brazil  ?     (n  Buenos  .\vres  ? 


77 


127.  Thi-iie  pltiins,  c:illi;il  I.lnncw  or  Pariiiian,  am  Iikii  llip  great  natural 
meadowa  of  our  Wi'stcrii  Smi.s.  calli'd  Prairies,  or  thi?  Sii'ppi'n  of  Asia 
They  arc  covered  with  grass,  on  which  vast  herds  of  cattle  roam  and  feed. 

How  will  you  sail  from  Chatjres  to  Assumption  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  .Assumption  to  Cu/.cu .' 

VVliat  w;is  Cu/.co  anciently  .' 

How  will  you  sail  from  Cu/.co  to  Callao,  the  seaport  of  Lima? 

If  you  V  ere  at  cape  Florn  to-day  nt  12  o'clock,  in  what  direc- 
tion would  your  shadow  fall  > 

Why  would  it  fall  to  the  Soitth  there,  and  to  the  North  here? 

Are  the  seasons  in  South  AmtTi    t  the  s.iine  as  ours  .' 

AVhich  is  most  indented  by  gulfs,  ba>s,  and  sounds,  North 
America  or  South  America  ? 


MAP  OF  EUROPE. 


Potugal  ? 
Spain  ? 
Italy  .' 
Greece .' 
Turkey  ? 
Austria  ? 
Switzerland .' 
France  ? 
Belgium .' 
Holland  ? 
Germany  > 
Prussia  .' 
Denmark  ? 


How  is 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital .' 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  .'' 
Capital  i 


Europe  bounded  ? 
0|)orto,  Coiinbia,  St.  Ubes.* 
Cadi/,  Barcelona,  Grenada. 
Naples,  Florence,  Turin. 
Tripolitza,  Napoli,  Navavino. 
Adrianoplc,  Salonica,  Belgrade. 
Prague,  Milan,  Venice. 
Geneva,  Zurich,  Constance. 
Lyons,  Marseilles,  Bordeaux. 
Antwerp,  Ghent,  Tourney. 
Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  Leyden. 
Hamburg,  Dresden,  Hanover  ? 
Dantzic,  Konigsburg,  Stettin. 
Elsinore,  Altona,  Kiel. 


•  If  ttaeu  towns  are  on  tb«  mtg,  teil  U>«li  iltuatloD. 
7 


9» 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


Norway  .'* 
Sweden  .'* 
Russia  ? 
England  f 
Scotland .' 
Ireland  ? 


Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital .' 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 


Bergen,  Drontheim. 
Gottenburg,  Carlescrona,  Upsal. 
Moscow,  Warsaw,  Odessa 
Liverpool,  Manchester,  Bristol. 
Glasgow,  Paisley,  Aberdeen. 
Cork,  Belfa»t,  Limerick. 


Wher 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 


RIVERS. 

Where  does  the  river  Tiigus  rise,  in  what  direction  does  it 
run,  and  where  does  it  empty  ?  Garonne  ?  Loire  .'  Seine  ! 
Saone?  Po .'  Danube?  Save?  Pruth  ?  Dnieper?  Don? 
Volga?  Ural?  Petchora?  Dwina?  Tornea?  Niemeu  ?  Vi»- 
tula?    Oder?    Elbe?    Rhine?    Rhone?  ,       ....»„,. 

LAKES. 

W^here  are  lakes  Ladaga,  Onega,  and  lUmen .' 
Where  are  lakes  Constance  and  Geneva  i 


SEAS. 

Where  is  the  Caspian  sea  ? 
Where  is  the  sea  of  Azoff  ? 
Where  is  the  Black  sea  ? 
Where  is  the  sea  of  Marmora  ? 
Where  is  the  Archipelago  ? 
Where  is  the  Mediterranean  sea  ? 
Where  is  the  Irish  sea  ? 
Where  is  the  North  sea  ? 
Where  is  the  Baltic  sea  ? 
Where  is  the  White  sea? 

GULPS. 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Venice  ? 
Where  ie  the  gulf  of  Toronto  ? 


'»^,i 


*  Norway  and  Sweden  now  Ibrm  but  one  klnt^om.  Each  State,  howcTer, 
has  lU  own  constitution,  Its  own  laws,  and  national  legitlaturo,  but  both  are 
under  the  control  or  the  »amc  sovereign. 


Whei 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 


Wher 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 


Whei 
Whei 
Wher 
Wher 
Wher 
Whei 
Wher 
Wher< 


Wher 


a- 


.■.«3^R«W»*"l 


:heim. 

^arlescrona,  Upsal. 
saw,  Odessa 
inchester,  Bristol. 
Ity,  Aberdeen. 
,  Limerick. 


dat  direction  doea  it 
ne  ?  Loire .'  Seine  > 
?  Dnieper .'  Don ,' 
nea  ?    Niemeu  i    Vi»- 


iam.    Each  State,  howcrer, 
Hal  legiilaturo,  but  both  are 


MAP    OF    EUROPE. 

Where  is  the  gulf  of  Genoa  ? 
Where  is  the  i(ulf  of  Lyons  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Bothnia  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Finland  ? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Riga  ? 
Where  is  the  bay  of  Biscay  ? 

CHANNELS. 

Where  ii  the  British  channel  ? 
Where  is  th«!  Bristol  channel? 
Where  is  St.  George's  channel .' 
Where  is  North  channel  ? 
Where  is  the  Skager  rack  ? 
Where  is  the  Oattegat  1 

STRAITS. 

Where  is  the  strait  of  Dover  ? 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Gibraltar  ? 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Bonefacio  .' 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Messina.' 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Otranto  .' 
Where  are  the  Dardanelles  1 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Constantinople  t 

ISLANDS. 
Where  is  Iceland .' 
Where  are  the  Faro*-  Islands  ? 
Where  are  the  Shetland  and  Orkney  isles  1 
Where  aie  the  Hebrides  or  Western  isles? 
Where  are  Ivica,  Majorca,  and  Minorca  1 
Where  are  Sardinia  and  Corsica  1 
Where  is  the  island  of  Scily  ? 
Where  is  Malta  ?    Candia  1    Cyprus  ? 


79 


CAPES. 


Where  is  cape  North  ? 


I 


"^ 


i 


Bt«.--y!5(5WS«*«*'' 


80 


EXERCISES   OH    THE 


Where  is  cape  Naze  1 

Where  is  Land's  End  ?    Lizard  Point  ? 

Where  is  cape  Clear  .' 

Where  is  cape  Ortegal  ? 

Where  is  cape  Finisterre  ? 

Where  is  cape  St.  Vincent  1 

Where  is  dape  Spartivento  ? 

Where  is  cape  Matapan  ? 


PENINSULAS. 
Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Crimea  ? 
Where  is  the  peninsula  of  Morea  ? 


Where 
Where 
Which 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


are  the 
are  the 
is  the  h 
are  the 
are  the 
are  the 
are  the 
are  the 


MOUNTAINS. 

Dofrafield  mountains  ? 
Pyrenees  ?    The  Alps  ? 
ighest  peak  of  the  Alps  ? 
Appenine''  ? 
Cafpath  ■     'nountainsi 
B'.ilkan  tt -antains? 
Caucasian  mountains? 
Ural  mountains  1 


VOLCANOfiS. 

Where  is  mount  Etna  ? 
Where  is  mount  Vesuvius  ? 
Where  is  mount  Hecla  1 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  lake  Onega  pass  to  reach  the 
ocean"! 

188.  Lake  Onega  is  connected  to  lake  Ladogo  by  the  ri»er  Svir.  And 
ake  Ladogo  is  connected  to  the  gulf  of  Finland  by  the  river  Neva. 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  the  Don  river  pass  to  reach 

the  ocean t 


How  will  you  sail  from  London  to  Trieste  1 


■tt' 


"T 


JL. 


HAP    OF    ASIA. 


m 


nega  pass  to  reach  the 

by  the  ri»er  Svir.     And 
'  the  river  Neva. 

>on  river  pass  to  retwsh 


itel 


139.  London  ia  situated  on  the  river  Thames,  60  wiles  from  itupouth. 

Through  what  countries  would  you  pass  in  traveling  ia  a 
straight  line  from  Trieste  to  St.  Petersburg  1 

How  will  you  sail  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Odessa  t 

Through  what  countries  would  yo\»  pass  in  traveling  in  a 
straight  line  from  Odessa  to  Bordeaux  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Bordeaux  to  Dresden  1 

How  will  you  sail  from  Dresden  to  London  t 

What  country  in  Europe  has  no  sea-coast.' 

Which  country  of  Europe,  do  you  think,  is  most  elevated,  or 
highest  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ?   3. 

Which  country  of  Europe,  do  you  think,  is  best  situated  for 
commercial  pursuits ! 

For  what  is  Europe  remarkable  ? 

130.  A.  For  its  bays,  gulfs,  and  inland  seas,  and  for  its  great  natural  ad- 
vantages for  commercial  pursuits. 

Which  is  most  indented  by  gulfs,  bays,  and  seas,  Europe  or 
North  America  ? 


MAP  OF  ASIA. 


How 
Arabia  ? 
Turkey  t 
Caucasas  t 
Persia  ? 
Beloochistan  i 
Afghanistan  ? 
Hindostan  1 
Farther  India  t 
Chinese  Empire  i 
Siberia  t 
Independtnt  Tartary  1 

7» 


is  Asia  bounded .' 

Capital  ?  Chief  towns  i 

Capital?  Chief  towns?         -, 

Capital?  Tiflis,  Derbent. 

Capital  ?  Chief  towns  ? 

Capital  ?  Kedje,  Bunpoor. 

Capital?  Peshawur,  Candahar. 

Capital  ?  Chief  towns  i 

Capitals?  Chief  towns? 

Capital?  Chi 'f  towns?  «, 

Capital  i  Chief  towns  ?  i 

Capitall  Cfakftownal 


EXERCISES   ON    THE 


#  RIVERS. 

Where  does  the  Euphrates  "-ise,  what  course  does  it  run, 
and  where  does  it  empty?  Tigrish  Indus!  Nerbuddahl 
Ganges'!  Canton  1  KiangKul  HoangHo?  Amour  1  Ana- 
dir?   Lena?    Yenisei  1    Obi'?    Irtish "S    UVal ?    Jordan? 

SEAS. 
Where  is  the  sea  of  Kamtchatkal 
Where  is  the  sea  of  Okhotsk  1 
Where  is  the  sea  of  Japan  1 
Where  is  the  Yellow  sea  1 
Where  is  the  China  sea'? 
Where  is  the  Sea  or  Bay  of  Bengal  ? 

Where  is  the  Sea  of  Arabia  ? 

Where  is  the  Red  Sea  ? 

Where  is  the  Mediterranean  ? 

Where  is  the  sea  of  Marmora  ?  . 

Where  is  the  Black  Sea  ? 

Where  is  the  Caspian  Sea  ?  * 

Where  is  the  Aral  Sea  ? 

Where  is  the  Dead  Sea  ?    [See  map  of  Palestine.] 

OtLFS. 

Where  is  the  Persian  Gulf  ? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Ormus  ?  •  -r 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Siam  ? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  ? 

^>.  STRAITS. 

Where  is  Bhering's  Strait  ?  .'  ,       s  A 

Wherp  iS  the  Strait  of  Babelmandal  i 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Sunda  ?    Between  Sumatra  and  Jara. 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Macaasar  ?     Between  Borneo  and  Ce- 
lebea. 


Whe 
Whe 
Whe 
Whe 
Whe 


Whe 
men's  I 
Islands 
Nova  2 


Whe 
Whe 
Whei 
Whe; 


Wha 

13S.  . 
moat  fer 
trioui  ni 
Arabian 


t  course  does  it  run, 
Indus  1  Nerbuddahl 
Ho  ?  Amour  1  Ana- 
Ui'al  ?    Jordan  ? 


Paleitine.] 


en  Sumatra  and  Jara. 
itween  Borneo  and  Ce^ 


MAP  OF    ASIA.  83 

CAPES.  ^ 

Where  is  North  East  Cape  ? 

Where  is  East  Cape  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Lapatka  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Romania !    South  of  Farther  India. 

Where  is  Cape  Comorin  .' 

ISLANDS. 

Where  is  Ceylon  ?  Sumatra  ?  Java  ?  Australia  ?  Van  Die- 
men's  Land  1  New  Guinea  ?  Borneo  ?  Celebes .'  Philippine 
Islands  ?  Japan  Islands,  Niphon,  Sikoke,  Kiusof  and  Jesso  ? 
Nova  Zembla  ?    Madagascar  ?     Mauritius  ?     Bourbon  ? 


DESERTS. 

Where  is  Arabia  Deserta  .' 

Where  is  Salt  Desert  ? 

Where  ia  the  Desert  of  Cobi  or  Shamo  ? 

Where  ia  the  Steppe  of  Issim  ? 


; 


PENINSULAS. 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka  ? 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Corea  ? 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Malaya  ? 

131.  The  southern  part  of  Farther  India.    [See  map  ofthe  worliLt 

What  can  you  say  of  the  countries  and  nations  of  Asia  ? 

13S.  A  S'heria  is  the  latgegt.  China  the  most  popiiloun  Hlndoatao  tte 
moat  fertile,  and  Arabia  the  most  barren.  The  Chineiw  ar  >he  most  indu»- 
trioua  nation,  the  Hindoos  the  most  mild,  the  Tnrtara  the  amm  warlike,  the 
Anbiani  the  most  barbarous,  and  the  Persians  '.lie  mor*  '    nul 


MAP  OF  AFRICA. 

How  is  Africa  bounded  ? 

Egypt .'  What  is  the  capital .' 

Barca.'  What  is  "■•  ■lapital? 

Tripoli  ?  What  is  the  capital  f 


ifr 


EXEaCISES    ON    THE 


Tunis? 
Algiers  ? 
Morocco  ? 


What  is  the  capital  ? 
What  is  the  capital  ? 
What  is  the  capital  ? 


Where  is  Senegambia  ? 
Where  is  Sierra  Leoae  ? 
Where  is  Liberia  ? 
Where  is  Soudan  ? 
Where  is  Nubia  ? 
Where  is  Abyssinia  ? 


Its  chief  towns  ? 
Its  chief  town  ? 
Its  chief  town  ? 
Its  chief  towns  ? 
Its  chief  towns  ? 
Its  chief  town  ? 


What  countries  border  on  the  coast  between  Abyssinia  and 
Guinea  ? 

What  country  or  oasis  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Desert  ? 
What  is  tiie  capital  of  Fezzan  ? 

What  countries  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Desert,  be- 
tween Soudan  and  Nubia .' 

RIVERS- 

Where  does  the  Nile  rise,  in  what  direction  does  it  rua,  and 
where  does  it  empty  ?  Niger  ?  Senegal  ?  Gaboon  ?  Nourse  ? 
Orange  ?  Zambezi  ?    Haines  ? 

STRAITS. 

Where  is  the  strait  of  Gibraltar  ? 

Wher"!  is  the  strait  of  Babelmandel  ? 

Where  is  the  channel  of  Mozambique  ?  ,., 


GULFS. 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Cabes  ?    East  of  Tripoli. 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Sidra  ?    West «'  Suca. 
Where  is  Table  Bay  ? 

■'v'iviK.-  CAPES. 

Where  is  Cape  Bon  ?    North  of  Tuni». 
Where  is  Capo  GuanWui  i 


w 


:apital  ? 
apital  ? 
capital  ? 

hief  towns  ? 
;hief  town  ? 
ihief  town  ? 
hief  towns  ? 
hief  towns  ? 
hief  town  ? 

ween  Abyssinia  and 

part  of  the  Desert  ? 

rt  of  the  Desert,  be- 


;tion  does  it  run,  and 
Gaboon  ?    Nourie  i 


'ripoli. 
ItrCB. 


*  f ;  1  n  i  J" 


MAP    OP    THE    WORLD. 


Where  is  Cape  of  Good  riope  .' 
V/here  is  Cape  '"orde  ? 
Where  is  Cape  Palmas  1 
Where  is  Cape  Ambro  .' 
Where  is  Cape  St.  Mary  . 


MOUNTAINS. 
Where  are  the  Atlas  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon  ? 
Wliero  are  the  Knns  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Snow  Mountains  ? 


ISLANDS. 

Where  are  the  Azores  or  Western  Islands  ? 

Where  are  the  Madeira  Isles  ?    Caiuiry  Isles  ? 

Where  are  the  Cape  de  Verde  Islands  ? 

Where  is  St.  Thomas  ?    Ascension  .'    St.  Helena  ? 

For  what  is  St.  Helena  remarkable  ? 

Where  is  Madagascar  .'     Mauritius  ?    Bourbon  ? 

Where  are  the  Comoro  Isles  .' 


„: 


j 


How  is  Africa  situated  for  commercial  pursuits .' 
133.  A.  It  is  more  fHvornbly  situated  than  any  other  grand  division  of 
the  globe.  Placed  almost  in  the  fjentre  of  the  world,  it  enjoy8  an  easy 
communication  with  Europe,  .\t,ia  and  America.  It  in  snrroundec?  on  all 
Bides  by  navipible  w.atBra.  of  e:i8y  acctss,  and  almnnds  in  all  the  necessa- 
ries and  lin\.ries  of  life.  Us  coasts  have  lici  i  Bailed  round  for  cenlurioi 
and  even  surveyed,  and  yet  we  know  but  little  more  of  the  interior  than  did 
the  ancients  three  thousand  years  a(£o.  It  is  the  lea.st  known,  the  least  civ- 
ilized, and  the  least  important  of  the  five  grjind  divisions  of  the  globe. 


MAP  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Which  in  the  most  northern  country  of  Asia  ? 
Which  is  the  most  northern  country  of  Euro;ie  ? 
Which  is  the  most  northern  country  of  Norih  America.' 
Which  extends  farthest  North,  Siberia,  La^  land,  or  British 
America .' 


m 


Wr 


de 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


Which  is  the  most  southern  country  of  Asia  ? 
Which  is  the  most  southern  country  of  Europe  ? 
Which  is  the  most  southern  country  of  North  America? 
Which  extends  farthest  South,  Malaya,  Spain  or  Guatimalaf 
Which  extends  farthest  South,  South  America,   Africa,  or 
Australia  ? 
What  countries  and  islands  does  the  Equator  cross  ? 

134.  A.  Equador,  Brazil,  Loango,  Ethiopia,  and  Zanzibar,  and  Sumatra, 
Borneo,  and  Celebes. 

What  countries  does  the  tropic  of  Cancer  cross  ? 

What  countries  and  islands  does  the  tropic  of  Capricorn  croas  ? 

"IV'hat  countries  does  the  Arctic  circle  cross  ? 

What  countries  does  the  Antarctic  circle  cross  ? 

What  countries  does  th!>  10°  N.  latitude  cross  ? 

135.  A.  Guitim.iia,  New  Grenada,  Venezuela,  Sierra  Leone,  Soudan, 
Donga,  Abyssiitia,  Ajan,  Hindostan,  Malaya,  and  Anam. 

Whatf-ountiies  does  the  2U°  N.  latitude  cross  ?    The  30°.' 

What  countries  does  the  40°  N.  latitude  cross  ?   The  50°  ? 

What  countries  does  the  60°  N.  latitude  cross  .'  The  700  >  &c. 

What  countries  are  South  of  the  90°  North  latitude  ?    Why  .' 
Which  hemisphere  is  North  of  the  South  Pole  .'    Why  so  ? 
What  five  seas  does  the  40°  N.  latitude  cross.'  m.  a.  c.  y.  j. 
What  sea  in  the  western  hemisphere  West  of  China  sea  ? 
What  tropic  crosses  nearly  the  centre  of  one  of  the  conti- 
nents .' 


Which  appears  to  be  the  most  northern  island  on  the  globe .' 
!.;'(.  Spitzbergcn  Ib  a  large  island,  a  nit  300  i  s  from  North  to  South, 
nnd  2  "  from  Enat  to  West.  It  ia  cold,  lirrary  aim  iinproductive,  but  on  its 
coasl  re  found  whuleH,  sea  dogs,  sea  con's,  and  sea -lions,  with  other  ma- 
fine  id  amphibious  animals.  The  sun  does  not  set  for  three  months, 
June,  July,  and  Aufciist,  and  for  the  rest  of  the  year  it  is  hardly  seen,  light 
being  cliicdy  produred  by  the  Aurora  Borealis,  or  Northern  Lights  The 
island  is  uninhabilcd.  Eight  English  sailors  accidcnlally  left  there  by  a 
whale  fishing  sliip,  spent  tlie  winter  and  were  taken  home  the  next  season 
They  had  great  trouble  from  the  foxes  on  the  island.  Wherever  the  men 
went,  a  troop  of  these  were  sure  to  follow  them.  If  they  shot  a  hear,  or  a 
bird,  and  hid  it  ever  so  secretly,  in  tlw  snow,  in  the  ground,  or  upon  a  pole 
in  the  air.  the  foxes  would  lie  sure  to  find  and  get  it,  even  if  they  had  to 
clluib  the  polo  for  it.    If  at  any  tini*  the  sailors  were  Ured,  and  stt  do  wn  on 


the  snow, 
like  kitteni 
they  at  las 

In  vs'hi 

What  I 

lying  sou 

137.  Tl 
Australasii 

What  1 

What 

What 

Whati 

138.  Tl 
Cook,  the 

Which 
13P.  Hi 

It  containi 
able  for  m 
cano,  whc 
and  one  tti 
1830,  a  n 
eign  Mi  . 
the  inhiiiii 
niissionari 
have  beei 
school  bo( 
Took  havi 
shore  witi 
the  boat  V 
init  to  thii 
escape  fro 

In  wh 

Isles .'  ' 
In  wh 

Isles:'  : 
In  wh 

What 

140.  It 

mer,  di.'<pl 

almospliei 

freshed  b] 


gt 


w 


na 


Asia  ? 
Europe  ? 
North  America  ? 
Spain  or  Guatimala  l 
America,  Africa,  or 

[uator  cross  ? 

I  Zanzibar,  and  Sumatni, 

>r  cross  ? 

ic  of  Capricorn  cross  ? 

TOSS  ? 

e  cross  ? 

3  cross  ? 

1,  Sierra  Leone,  Soudan, 

Anam. 

I  cross?   The  30°.' 

(cross?   The  50°? 

i  cross  ?  The  70<» '  &c. 

)rth  latitude  ?    Why  ? 
th  Pole  ?    Why  so  ? 
cross?  M.  A.  c.  Y.  J. 
^est  of  China  sea  ? 
!  of  one  of  the  conti- 


island  on  the  globe  ? 

^i  from  North  to  Bouth, 
II  iiniiroductive,  but  nn  its 
.  sen -lions,  with  other  ma- 
lot  set  for  three  mnnthi, 
'ear  it  is  hardly  seen,  light 
r>r  Northern  Lights.  The 
xidonially  left  there  by  a 
ken  home  the  next  seaaon. 
Innd.  Wliurever  the  men 
If  they  shot  a  hear,  or  a 
the  ground,  or  upon  a  pole 
jet  it,  even  if  they  had  to 
rare  tired,  and  sat  down  on 


MAP   OF   THE   WORLD. 


87 


the  snow,  or  frozen  ground  to  rest,  the  foxes  would  gambol  round  them 
like  kittens,  come  up  to  them,  and  begin  to  gnaw  tlieir  shoes.  Happy  were 
they  at  last  to  leave  these  roguish,  troublesome  creatures. 

In  what  direction  from  Cape  North  is  Spitzbergen  ? 

What  name  is  given  to  the  numerous  islands  of  the  Pacific 
lying  southeast  of  Asia  ?    A.  Oceanica. 

137.  These  islands  are  divided  into  Malaysia,  or  the  East  India  islands, 
Australasia,  and  Polynesia.     See  School  (ieography  and  Atlas. 

What  islands  East  of  the  Philippine  islands  ? 

What  islands  southeast  of  the  Ladrones  ? 

What  islands  northeast  of  the  Carolines  ? 

What  islands  northeast  of  Mulgrave's  Isles  ? 

138.  The  Sandwich  islands  wore  discovered  in  1778,  by  Capt.  Jamei 
Cook,  the  celebrated  t'ngiifh  navigator. 

Which  is  the  most  important  of  the  Sandwich  Isles  ? 

13P.  Hawaii  is  a  Iarp3  and  Important  island,  formerly  called  Owhyhee. 
It  contains  about  4000  square  miles  and  100,000  inhabitants.  It  is  remark- 
able for  mount  Roa,  16,000  feet  high,  and  for  mount  Kirane.i,  a  terrific  vol- 
cano, whose  crater  is  estimated  at  seven  ami  ii  half  miles  in  circumference, 
and  one  thousand  feet  deep.  T.>'e  inhabitauis  were  formerly  pngans,  but  in 
1820,  a  mifii^tcn  nas  established  at  ll;i«aii  by  the  American  Hoard  of  For- 
eign Mi  ns.  w  Inch  has  been  attended  with  very  great  succss.  Many  of 
the  inh.  itants  have  been  taught  reading,  writmg  and  arithmetic,  by  the 
missionaries,  and  numbers  have  embraced  the  Christian  religion.  Churches 
have  been  built,  the  p.-ss  established,  and  the  Scriptures,  newspapers, 
school  books,  tc.  printed  in  the  language  of  the  country.  In  1779,  Capt. 
Cook  having  had  a  boat  stolen  by  one  of  the  n.atives  f  Hawaii,  went  on 
shore  with  a  few  men  to  seize  the  king  and  retain  him  as  a  hostage  until 
the  boat  was  restored.  'I'he  islanders,  however,  were  not  disposed  to  sub- 
mit to  this  insult.  They  fiercely  attacked  Cook,  and  before  he  wits  able  to 
escape  from  the  shore,  he  was  killed  .tiuI  several  of  his  men. 

In  what  direction  from  Hawaii  are  Anson's  Isles  ?  Galapagos 
Isles  ?    Washington  Isles  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Washington  Isles  are  the  Marquesas 
Isks?    Friendly  Isles  ?    Socii>ty  Isles? 

In  what  direction  from  the  Society  Isles  is  New  Zealand  ?  &c. 

What  is  said  of  the  clin.a.e  of  C .  anica  ? 

H«.  It  is  deiight'id.  Perpetual  spring,  combined  with  perpetual  sum- 
mer, di.'<play«  the  n)'  iiing  blossom  mingled  witli  the  ripened  fruit*.  The 
atmosphere  is  embalmed  with  a  i  jrfume  of  exquisite  sweetness,  a;.d  le- 
freslied  by  wholesome  breezes  from  the  sea. 


■\ 


^1 


mmmm'' 


88 


EXERCISES    ON    THE 


What  is  there  remarkable  about  Oceaiiica  ? 

141.  In  the  first  place,  it  st^mns  to  b«  a  new  and  unfinished  world  of 
itself.  New  lands  are  cnnstantly  I'orining  and  rifling  from  the  deep.  And, 
it  is  not  at  all  unlikily  that  at  sonio  future  period,  these  ifLinds  wliicb  arc 
now  so  numerous  and  thickly  sel,  will  be  united  and  iiiako  up  one  continent. 

In  the  second  pMre,  many,  if  not  all  of  these  islands  were  formed  at 
first,  by  the  coral  worm  I  Numbers  of  these  islands  are  forming  now. 
They  have  been  visited  and  observed  mos!  carefully  by  voyagtrs.  Ycu 
have  most,  if  not  all  of  you.  seen  curdl.  Well,  that  wis  tlie  work  of  the 
coral  worm.  These  creatures  are  of  diffi.'rent  shapes  and  sizes,  but  wili 
only  live  in  siilt  water.  If  a  piece  of  the  rock  in  which  they  live  be  broken, 
it  is  found  to  be  full  of  worms  of  ditTerent  lenijths  and  colors,  tioine  of 
them  are  as  fine  as  ;i  thread.  Some  are  more  like  snails,  whil  'hers  are 
in  the  form  of  a  star.  They  appear  to  live  at  various  depths  in  u.i  sea,  but 
always  to  fasten  upon  some  rock,  hifiher  or  lower  down,  on  whicii  to  build. 
The  worms  are  never  seen  when  the  surface  of  the  rock  is  dry  ,  but  when 
the  tide  comes  in,  and  the  waves  wash  over  it,  they  put  out  their  bodies 
from  holes  whicli  were  not  seen  before,  aiid  the  whole  rockstjms  alive 
with  them.  How  it  is  that  they  are  enabled  to  foriri  such  a  mighty  mass, 
often  miles  and  miles  in  extent,  and  to  continue  their  additions  until  it 
reaches  the  siirface  of  the  sea,  no  one  has  yet  beeii  able  to  explain.  The 
fact  is  all  we  know.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  when  the  worms  die, 
their  bodies  harden,  and  become  a  part  of  the  stone  they  were  forming,  arj 
that  they  add  to  the  structure  in  their  death  as  well  as  their  life. 

When  the  worms  have  raised  ti;eir  mighty  building  to  the  surface 
of  the  sea,  their  work  is  done,  for  t  aey  can  live  and  labor  only  in  th<s  water. 
The  rock  lies  probably  for  some  time,  a  mere  bank,  or  low  island,  without 
a  tree  or  pliint  upon  it.  At  length  weeds  are  washed  upon  it  by  the  waves, 
seeds  of  vegetables  are  driven  by  the  winds  towards  it,  sea  birds  visit  it, 
grass  grows  upon  it,  little  shrubs  apd  trees  spring  up,  then  tlie  great  tall 
cocoanut  rises  up  and  (brms  a  mark  which  vessels  can  steer  by.  Often  the 
labors  of  the  coral  worms  are  aided  by  the  power  of  volcanoes,  which  are 
very  numerous  in  the  Pacific.  These  throw  up  the  ground  unequally,  and 
make  mountains  and  valleys  of  that  which  the  worms  Ifad  left  on  a  line 
with  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

(Sometimes  those  insects  erect  a  bank,  called  "  a  coral  reef,"  like  an 
upright  wall,  from  the  bottom  of  the  sea  lo  the  surface,  extending  for  a 
number  of  miles.  As  it  i-i  not  seen  at  high  water,  a  coral  reef  is  one  of 
the  most  dangerous  tilings  a  ship  can  meet  with.  The  water  being  deep  to 
the  very  side  of  this  wall,  and  without  any  warning,  the  ship  dashes  upon 
it,  and  is  broken  in  pieces  by  the  sharp  and  hard  rock,  and  perhaps  sinks  to 
the  bottom  with  all  its  crew,  no  one  living  to  tell  the  story.  How  wonder- 
ful is  the  work  that  is  going  on  m  the  vast  Pacific  !  Islands  are  constantly 
lisingfrom  the  deep,  and  although  now  apd  then  a  ship  may  strike  and  be 
lost  on  the  coral  reefs,  yet  Ikere,  countries  are  preparing  for  inultitudei  of 
men  and  animals  in  the  far  off  future. 


MAP    OP    THE    WORLD, 


89 


:a.' 

and  unfinished  world  of 
i\g  from  the  deep.  And, 
,  these  inlands  which  are 
d  make  up  one  continent. 
iKlands  were  formed  at 
ilanda  are  forming  now. 
fully  by  voyngtrn.  Ycu 
that  WIS  the  worit  of  the 
tiapoH  and  sizes,  but  wili 
hicli  tlicy  live  be  broken, 
lis  and  colors.     Home  of 

I  snails,  whil  ''hers  are 
us  depths  in  u.i  sea,  hut 
down,  on  whicii  to  build. 

he  rock  is  dry  ,  l>ut  when 
they  put  out  their  hodie« 
;  whole  rock  sc  Jiiis  alive 
'criti  such  a  npghty  mass, 
ic  their  additions  until  it 
;c|i  able  to  explain.  The 
at  when  the  worms  die, 
tie  they  were  forming,  so 

II  ar,  their  life. 

building  to  the  Burface 
id  labor  only  in  tils  tenter. 
nk,  or  low  island,  without 
hed  upon  it  by  the  waves, 
rards  it,  sea  birds  viiiit  it, 
J  up,  then  the  great  ta|| 
I  can  steer  by.  Often  'he 
r  of  volcanoes,  which  are 
le  ground  unequally,  and 
worms  had  left  on  a  line 

"  a  coral  reef,"  like  an 
surface,  extending  for  a 
er.  a  coral  reef  ie  one  of 

The  water  being  deep  to 
ing,  the  ship  dashes  upon 
ock,  and  perhaps  sinks  to 
the  story.  How  wonder- 
i; !    Islands  are  constantly 

a  ship  may  strike  and  be 
'eparing  for  multitude*  of 


PRODUCTIONS  OF  DIFFERENT  COUNTRIES. 

145.  The  productions  of  diin^rcnt  countries  are  very  various.  Many 
Brticle.,  of  our  food  arc  hr  >  i„'lit  from  forcitrn  countries.  Our  tea  comes 
I'roinC'liinii,  our  siiaar  Inuu  ilie  West  Indira,  and  our  spices  Irnm  the  Eiist 
Indies,  Slc.  Some  of  the  articles  of  our  dress  come  from  dilfVrem  coun- 
tries; also,  of  our  riiriiilure.  and  thiii|.'3  w«  daily  u.sc  m  our  busini'ss.  No 
one  nation  or  country  prmluces  every  thing,  or  surtkienf  to  supply  all  the 
wani~  of  the  people.  It  may  produce  an  abundance  of  some  things,  which 
is  called  their  surplus  products.  Tlie..it  they  exchange  for  others  that  they 
need.  The  exchanging  of  the  surplus  products  of  dilfero'it  coimtries  ii-  an 
important  business.  It  is  called  coiiuncrce.  The  following  t;  i  ••  exhihita 
the  chief  exports,  or  surplus  products,  of  the  various  countries  oJ  -he 
globe. 

NoTi.  Manufactured  goods,  hs  cloth.i,  iron  ware,  porcelain  and  cutlery, 
are.madein  thickly  seitled  countrns,  ns  France,  England,  Holland,  China, 
Japan,  New  England.  &c.  Countries  that  are  thinly  settled,  export  raw 
materials,  as  lumber,  hides,  tallow,  furs,  &c.  The  best  furs  arc  evported 
from  cold  climates,  principally  from  the  north  of  Amcica,  Europe  and 
Asia. 


EXPORTS  OF  VARIOUS  COUNTRIES. 

.A.SABU, — Coffee,  aloes,  myrrh,  frankincense,  gum  Arabic. 
Asiatic  Islands,— Pepper,  cloves,  nutmegs,  ginger,  camphor,  coflee,  &c. 
Barbaky  8tat«s,* — Liather,  gums,  hides,  fruits,  wax,  ostrich  feathers. 
Bkloiuh, — Grain,  flax.  '   ips,  woolens,  linens,  laces,  various  manufactures. 
Bbazil, — Cotton,  sugar,  cotfee,  tobacco,  gold,  diamonds,  wheat,  dye-woods. 
Cahada,  Nova  Hcotia,  and  New  Bri'.vswick, — Flour,  furs,  lumber,  fish. 
Capb  Colony, — Brandy,  wine,  «i.slTich  feathers,  hides,  tallow. 
CHiti,— Silver,  gold,  copper,  wheat,  hemp,  hides,  sugar,  cotton,  fruits. 
China, — Tea,  silks,  nankeens,  porcelain,  articles  of  ivory  and  Pearl. 
Denmark, — Grain,  horses,  cattle,  beef,  [jork,  butter  and  cheese. 
Eastern   Htates,— Lumber,   beef,   pork,  fish,  cottons,  woolens,  ic, 
Eastern,  Western  and  Central  Africa, — (iold,  ivory,  ostrich  feathers. 
Egypt,— Rice,  grain,  linseed,  fruits,  indigo,  cotton,  sugar. 
Equador, — (7oirec,  cotton,  indigo,  fruits, 

France, — Silks,  woolens,  linens,  cotf/ns,  vine,  brandy,  porcelain,  toys. 
Germany, — Linens,  grain,  varioi'2  inanufaitures  of  silver,  copper,  &c. 


; 


•  Barbiiry  Slales.-M'.rocco,  A:;''.rs,  Tunl',,  Tripoli,  and  Barca. 

8 


90 


EXPORTS    OF    VARIOUS    COUNTRIES. 


Oricat  R,r.*i»--VV.w.Icns,  cottons,  Unnnfl,  hinlware,  r'rcoliin,  tc. 

G»«i>LAi«D,— Whale  oil  whnle  t>ore.  wnl  skins. 

fiirATiMM.A,— LoKwnod,  ma!i<>i!aiiy.  indipn,  cocoa. 

GnAMA.— fugur,  oo(Ti!P.  cotton,  fruits.  &,c. 

HWDOCTAK,— ('ottnn'.,  Mlks,  rile,  8U(^Hr.  coffee,  opium,  indigo. 

HoLiANn.-Finfi  lin-ins,  woolen.,  l.uttiT,  cb«e.e,  various  manufactures. 

Italy, — .'^ilks,  wines.        n.  oil,  friiita. 

IR.LASD.-Linen,  bee        tter.  tallow,  hides,  potatoes,  barley,  kc. 

jArAS,— Silk  and  cottr       kkIs,  Japan  ware,  porcelain. 

Mixieo,— Gold,  silver,     u'wood.  cochineal,  friiiti,  , 

MiDDi-r  Statis,— Flour,  wheat,  salt,  coais.  cottons,  woolens,  &c.     , 

Mapeira  nii.l  the  Casariks,— Wine,  fruits, 

N«w  England,— l-umiier.  flah,  cottons,  woloens,  various  manufactures. 

NE(VFofSDLANn, — Codfish. 

Nkw  Grenada,-  Indip,.  sufmr,  coffee,  cocoa,  cotton,  ftuits,  ic. 

PERSiA.-^'arpeU.,  bha«ls,  wine,  s,lk.  cotton,  rice,  rhubarb,  guns. swords,  tc. 

Pkrii.— Silver,  K'>ld.  Peruvian  b,-rk,  m. -niry,  sugar,  cotton,  fruits. 

RcssiA,-Hemp,  iron,  linen,  pra.n.  tin.lM.r.  furs,  talLuv,  platina. 

So,:tiiern  States,-*  ntton,  rice,  tobacco  com,  lumber,  pitch,  fruiU. 

Spain  and  PoRTioAL.-Silks,  wool,  wine,  oil,  fruits,  salt,  &c. 

Sweden  and  NoRWAV.-lron,  rteel,  copper,  timber,  fish. 

TuRKEV,-Graln.  fruiU,  cotton, "  il,  wine,  carpets,  muslins,  swords. 

West  lMD.Es,-Sugar.  rum,  .nolasses,  coffee,  spice,  cotton,  indigo,  frmte. 

Western  BT*TEs,-Corn.  wheat,  lead,  coal,  iron,  salt,  lime,  tecf.pork. 


Are  any  article,  produced  or  made  in  this  town,  that  are  «nt  away  for 
Balei  What  are  these  articles  calW  7  KxporU.  Do  we  make  use  of  any 
articles  that  are  brought  iVom  foreign  countries  7  What  are  these  articles 
caUedl  Imports.  Prom  what  country  i.s  tea  ituported  1  From  what  coun- 
tries k  colfee  imported  1  What  are  the  exporu  of  Arabia!  Belgiumi 
Peru  7  &c. 


*.»»«i«m*!*S*w*^s* 


STRIES. 

are.  p.ircfilnin,  tc. 


um,  indiifo. 
various  tnanufictiires. 

ries.  Uarley,  tc. 
I.iin. 

a,  woolen.",  fee. 

various  manufactures. 

ton,  ftuite,  be. 

rhubarb,  guns,  sworfls,  tc. 

ir,  cotton,  fruits. 

ill.uv,  iilalin.i. 

lumber,  pitch,  fruiU. 

Its.  salt,  tc. 

^r,  lish. 

1.  muflins,  swords. 

:e,  cotton,  iniiigo,  fruit?, 

1,  salt,  lime,  beef,  pork. 

m,  that  are  wnt  away  for 
.  Do  we  make  use  of  any 
What  are  these  articles 
jorted  1  From  what  coun- 
u  of  Arabia!     Belgium  1 


PRONOUNCING    DICTIONABY. 


91 


PRONOUNCING  DICTrON.^RY  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL 

NAMES. 


WRITTIS. 

Art, 

Abysshita, 

Ac'ipuico, 

Afvhaiiistnn, 

Aix  la  (Jhapulle, 

AjHccio, 

Amiens, 

Anglesey, 

Annapolis, 

Aiitibes, 

.^ntlKua, 

Aquila, 

ArchipplagOj 

Arkiinsiis, 

Artois, 

Asia, 

Avignon, 


Balize, 

Biiliimore, 

B:isle, 

Basse  Terre, 

B.'iton  Rouge, 

Belli'l<le, 

Bi'Inochistan, 

Bemtres, 

Beiipnt, 

Berrniidfts, 

Bii'iilieiin, 

Bolivia, 

Boliignn, 

Bonelacio, 

Rorgne, 

Bnnlogrie, 

Bordi'aut, 

Brazil, 

llretaioe, 

Buenos  Ayres. 

Bushire, 


Cahokia, 
I  ,'iiiro, 
Caliiis, 
CaNtlne, 
Cayenne, 


PRONOU5CKD. 

Ar. 

Ab-is-sin'-e  a. 
Ac  a-pool'-c(». 
Af  aaii-is'-tan. 
A/.  In  Kbnpel'. 
A-y.ii'-clni. 
A-nie-aiiti'. 
An'  ijle-sea. 
Aii-inip'-ik-liB. 
Aug'  teb. 
An  te'-ga. 
Ak-we'-la. 
Ar-ki'-pci'-a-go, 
Ar-ka'n-saw. 
Ar'  twa 
A'&lie  a. 
Av'in-yon 


B. 

Ba-leez' 

Bol'-timore. 

Basil. 

Bas-toir'. 

Baton  roo'zh. 

Bcll-lle. 

I'  !-loo-kl8'-ian. 

!■   -na'-rees. 

Ben  gaul'. 

Ber-nm'-dez. 

BiH'n-heem. 

Bo-le'-ve  a. 

Bo-ln'neya. 

Bon  e  iV-Bho. 

Born. 

Bn-long'. 

Bor-do'. 

Bra-zee'l. 

Bre-tari'. 

Ho-nos-a'-rees. 

Boo-sheer'. 

c. 

Ca-ho'-ke-a. 
Kl-r',. 
Ka'l-I» 
Kas  teen'. 
Ki-e.r. 


WRlTTIIf. 

Cenis, 
(;«vHnnes, 
Ci-ylon, 
L'hflgres, 
l.'Imniplain, 
tninp,    ' 
Chiiti  hee, 

(■1 


(•m.uwileut, 
tJonnimbo, 
Crecy, 
Cuyahoga, 


nalmatis, 

Darien, 

Dhs  Mninea, 

DiMUponta, 

Dnieper. 

Dniester, 

Donro, 

I'roiitheim, 

Oiilwicb, 

Dyle, 


Rdlnburgh, 

REina, 

r;ihe, 

England, 

Eughien, 

Erie, 

Rrzcrum, 

Esquimaux, 

Europe, 

Ey  lau, 


Fahlun. 

Flnisterre, 

Fontatnebleau, 


PRONOCJCCED. 

Be-ne'. 
8a  ven', 
See' Inn. 
Sha'-gur. 
Sham-plane'. 
(<ha  pa'  la. 
riiat  a  hoo'-che. 
&>be-kaii'-go 
She-wa'w-wau. 
''Iw'  If. 

hiim'-Ie. 

Iiuke-sa'  kah. 

ii-eem'brn. 
Ko-lone'. 
Ko  niue'n. 
Kmi-aei'-i-cut. 
Ko-kee'm-bo. 
Kres'  c. 
Ki-ho'-ga. 

D. 

Dal-ma'-she-a. 

l)a  re-en' 

Da-ina'w-en. 

Du-|H)nta'. 

Ne'  per. 

Nees'  ler. 

Dno'-ro. 

Dro'n-tim. 

nu'l-lj. 

Del. 

E. 

Ed-in-bu'r-ro. 

Ku''-eiiah. 

Elb. 

Ing'-land. 

An'-gean. 

E    re. 

Er  -ze-room. 

Es-ke-mo. 

U-rup. 

riaw. 

F. 

Fa'-lun. 
Fill  is-tare'. 
Fon-ten-blo'. 


i 

I 

Mi 
J 


jAMMiKWWOi^BSK'W 


MIMM 


r 


92 


PBONOUNCINO    DICTIONARY. 


%f 


WHITTIH. 

Galllpolis, 

(iaii|!fii, 

Garoiiiifi, 

<ii'<ir|i(a, 

Ght'iit, 

(iibrnlur, 

GliMjceHler, 

(iriH'iiwicti, 

Gaudulqiiiver, 

Uuardal'ui, 

Guaynijull, 

Giiluim, 

Guinea, 


Madeira, 
Madrid, 


G. 

FRONOI!Nciei>. 

Gul  li  po'liii. 

Gaii'-ji.e8. 

Ga-roiie'. 

Jo'r  ge-B. 

Gent. 

Glbrau'l'tar. 

Glo'a  ler. 

Gre'-iilj. 

GuB  dal  klv-u'r. 

Gar'-Uaf-we. 

Gwi-B  keel'. 

Ge-Bli'-na. 

Giu'-ne,' 


H. 


Ha(ue, 

Haig. 

Harwich, 

Har-rlj. 

Havre, 

Hall'  ver. 

Hawaii, 

Ha-wi'e. 

HnuBlon, 

Hoo'8-ton. 

Hyderabad, 

Hid'-ra-bad. 

I. 

Il-llno'y. 

niinoii, 

India, 

In'-je-a. 

Indiana, 

Ill  je  an'-a. 

Iiidlen, 

In'-jiz. 

Iowa, 

I'o-wa. 

Ipawicb. 

Ip'Bij. 

K. 

Kamtchatka, 

Kam-ka't-ka. 

Kenawlia, 

Ke-iia'w  wa. 

Kniateneauz, 

Nis'-te-uo. 

L. 

L«lpsie. 

Llpe'-alc. 

Liege, 

Leej. 

Lille, 

Leel. 

Lima, 

Le'-mah. 

Limoiea, 
L'  Orient, 

Liio  ozli'. 

Lo're  ong. 

Louisiana, 

Loo-e  zean'-nali 

Louiiville, 

Loo'-e  vil. 

M. 

Mad  e'-rali, 
Ma'li-dreed. 


WRITTBN. 

Maelstrom, 

Malta, 

Marnirlllea, 

Minnii, 

Michixan, 

MiWiilHJUC, 

Mid«oiirl, 

Mobile, 

Montreal, 

Monterey, 

Mozaniblque, 


Nacnpdoclies, 
Nairliitocbea, 
Nicaragua, 
Niemeu, 


Okhotsk, 

Omida, 

Opelouaaa, 


PaFcagoula. 

Persia, 

Plaqurmines, 

Popocatnpeil, 

Porto  Kico, 

Poiiglikeepsie, 

Prussia, 

Fuebia, 


Quiberoo, 
Quito, 


Raleigh, 

Rhelins, 

Rhine, 

Khcine, 

Kideau, 

Kio  Grande, 

Rio  Janeiro, 

Rouen, 

Russia, 


PRONOl'MrKD, 

Ma  wlciruni. 
Mil  I  ta. 
Miir  sailz'. 
Mi  a'lii  o. 
WIsli'-e  (fan. 
Mis  »ls'  ke. 
Mis  Hon'- re. 
Mnb,.fr. 
ftlorit  re-aul'i 
Moll  te-ra'. 
Mo-zBiu  beek'< 


N. 

Na-cog-do'»h<a. 
Nnk-e  tosh'. 
Nik-er-a'h-gua. 
Mu'-men. 


o. 

O'-kotsk. 
Oni'  da. 
Ope-loo'-i 


Pasca-goo'-la, 
Pe'r  shea. 
Plak-meen'. 
Po  po  knt'-a-pel. 
Por'-lo-re'-ko, 
Pokip'  se. 
Proo'  she-a. 
Poo  a'h'bla. 


a. 


Kib-rong'. 
Ke'-to. 


R. 


Ra'w-le. 

Reenis. 

RIne. 

Rone. 

Ri  do'. 

Re-o  gra'iid. 

Reo  jane'-ro 

Roo'en. 

Roo'-abe.a. 


*  G  bard  sound  as  in  go. 


K<.--i»fc*^>*5'-' 


r 


rAttY.                             1 

CH. 

PRoNorMriDi 

Ma'wl  ciriim, 

M.>  1  ta. 

Miir  vailz'. 

Mi  a'lii  e. 

WIsli'-e  gan. 

Mis  M  ke. 

Mis  Hoo'  re. 

M(i.b,.M'. 

Mom  re-aul'i 

Moil  te-rn'. 

ue, 

Mo-zani  beek'> 

N. 

68, 

Nn-rog-do'»h-'a. 

les, 

Nnk-e  touli'. 

Nik-er-a'li-gu», 

Ne'-men. 

0. 

O'-kotsk. 

Onl'  da. 

Ope-luo'zaa. 

F. 

L 

Pas.ca-goo'-la. 

Pe'rsliea. 

es, 

Plak-mw.n'. 

eil. 

Pii  po  knt'-a-pel. 

, 

Por'-lore'-ko. 

»ie, 

Po.ktpi.e. 

Proo'  she-a. 

Pooa'b'bla. 

a. 

Kib-rong'. 

Ke'-to. 


R. 


le, 


Ra'w-Ic. 

KKenis. 

Rine. 

Rone. 

Ki  do'. 

Re-o  gra'iid. 

R<vo  jan-e'ro 

Rno'en. 

Roo'-iibe-a. 


ound  as  in  go. 


V>i 


MBMHi 


^%€ifta^'^^s^8^feaaKa.»a'6fe^jaife-iMafaaaaMta^<ga^^^ 


^ ■•''iXr'''^'^~t  ---■---•^■■"=-^--  ..-.~=->ti^'.:i^^^:- 


:i«U£artt-iaj  &..uiija.::l. 


8.^ 


«>. 


V^."'-^^^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


t 
^ 


// 


// 


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'^^ 


f 


J 


5.     I 


I.i 


^1 


1 

1.0 

u  Itt   12.2 

Siu  ■— 

S   Iffl   IIP 

■UUU 

1.4    1 1.6 

^^=  nil  ^^ 

I.I 

1.25  1 

^                                                                                               M.n                 

M ■ \ 

( 

0 

SA 


14 


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Photpgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WnSTIR.N.Y.  USIO 

(71«)  •73-4S03 


:N 


.i:;_-;tiir-Auv^  "■■■■■::  ■^>Mi.-- 


^"^^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


PRONOUNCING    DICTIONARY, 


03 


WRITTEN. 

St.  Augustine, 
St.  Brinuz, 
8t.  Croix, 
Ban  Luuis  de  Po- 

tml, 
Santiaxo, 
Bclieneclady, 
Schuyildll, 
Seine, 


PRONOUNCID, 

Sent-au-gua-teen', 
Senl'bru', 
Sent-croy'. 
San-loo-is-de-po- 

to'-8e. 
San  te-a'li  iro. 
BIten-e'C'lade. 
Skool'-liill. 
Seen. 


Tehuan  tepee, 

Toulon, 

Toalouae, 


Ta-wa'n-ta-pak. 

Too'-long. 

Too'-looz. 


WRITT«N. 

Valenciennes, 
Venezuela, 
Vera  Urui!, 
VeisaUlei, 


V. 

PRONotrNriD. 
Valan-8e-en'. 
Venez-we'-la. 
Verali  kroos'. 
Ver-Bailz'. 


Wabaali, 

Warsaw, 

Wasbita, 

Weser, 

VVieliczka. 

Winiiipiseogee, 

Worcester, 


w. 

Wa'w-boih. 

Wo'r-saw. 

WoBh-e  taw'. 

We'-zur. 

We-llc»i'-ka. 

Wln-e-pe-sa'w-ke. 

Woo'a-ter. 


y 


